Explainability and Interpretability in Concept and Data Drift: A Systematic Literature Review

Explainability and interpretability have emerged as essential considerations in machine learning, particularly as models become more complex and integral to a wide range of applications. In response to increasing concerns over opaque “black-box” solutions, the literature has seen a shift toward two...

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Main Authors: Daniele Pelosi, Diletta Cacciagrano, Marco Piangerelli
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Algorithms
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/443
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author Daniele Pelosi
Diletta Cacciagrano
Marco Piangerelli
author_facet Daniele Pelosi
Diletta Cacciagrano
Marco Piangerelli
author_sort Daniele Pelosi
collection DOAJ
description Explainability and interpretability have emerged as essential considerations in machine learning, particularly as models become more complex and integral to a wide range of applications. In response to increasing concerns over opaque “black-box” solutions, the literature has seen a shift toward two distinct yet often conflated paradigms: explainable AI (XAI), which refers to post hoc techniques that provide external explanations for model predictions, and interpretable AI, which emphasizes models whose internal mechanisms are understandable by design. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of concept and data drift—where models lose relevance due to evolving conditions—demands renewed attention. High-impact events, such as financial crises or natural disasters, have highlighted the need for robust interpretable or explainable models capable of adapting to changing circumstances. Against this backdrop, our systematic review aims to consolidate current research on explainability and interpretability with a focus on concept and data drift. We gather a comprehensive range of proposed models, available datasets, and other technical aspects. By synthesizing these diverse resources into a clear taxonomy, we intend to provide researchers and practitioners with actionable insights and guidance for model selection, implementation, and ongoing evaluation. Ultimately, this work aspires to serve as a practical roadmap for future studies, fostering further advancements in transparent, adaptable machine learning systems that can meet the evolving needs of real-world applications.
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spelling doaj-art-47809542ddd84febbe2a82dceeb390652025-08-20T02:48:19ZengMDPI AGAlgorithms1999-48932025-07-0118744310.3390/a18070443Explainability and Interpretability in Concept and Data Drift: A Systematic Literature ReviewDaniele Pelosi0Diletta Cacciagrano1Marco Piangerelli2Computer Science Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 7, 62032 Camerino, ItalyComputer Science Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 7, 62032 Camerino, ItalyComputer Science Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 7, 62032 Camerino, ItalyExplainability and interpretability have emerged as essential considerations in machine learning, particularly as models become more complex and integral to a wide range of applications. In response to increasing concerns over opaque “black-box” solutions, the literature has seen a shift toward two distinct yet often conflated paradigms: explainable AI (XAI), which refers to post hoc techniques that provide external explanations for model predictions, and interpretable AI, which emphasizes models whose internal mechanisms are understandable by design. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of concept and data drift—where models lose relevance due to evolving conditions—demands renewed attention. High-impact events, such as financial crises or natural disasters, have highlighted the need for robust interpretable or explainable models capable of adapting to changing circumstances. Against this backdrop, our systematic review aims to consolidate current research on explainability and interpretability with a focus on concept and data drift. We gather a comprehensive range of proposed models, available datasets, and other technical aspects. By synthesizing these diverse resources into a clear taxonomy, we intend to provide researchers and practitioners with actionable insights and guidance for model selection, implementation, and ongoing evaluation. Ultimately, this work aspires to serve as a practical roadmap for future studies, fostering further advancements in transparent, adaptable machine learning systems that can meet the evolving needs of real-world applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/443explainabilityexplainable AIinterpretabilityinterpretable AIconcept driftdata drift
spellingShingle Daniele Pelosi
Diletta Cacciagrano
Marco Piangerelli
Explainability and Interpretability in Concept and Data Drift: A Systematic Literature Review
Algorithms
explainability
explainable AI
interpretability
interpretable AI
concept drift
data drift
title Explainability and Interpretability in Concept and Data Drift: A Systematic Literature Review
title_full Explainability and Interpretability in Concept and Data Drift: A Systematic Literature Review
title_fullStr Explainability and Interpretability in Concept and Data Drift: A Systematic Literature Review
title_full_unstemmed Explainability and Interpretability in Concept and Data Drift: A Systematic Literature Review
title_short Explainability and Interpretability in Concept and Data Drift: A Systematic Literature Review
title_sort explainability and interpretability in concept and data drift a systematic literature review
topic explainability
explainable AI
interpretability
interpretable AI
concept drift
data drift
url https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/443
work_keys_str_mv AT danielepelosi explainabilityandinterpretabilityinconceptanddatadriftasystematicliteraturereview
AT dilettacacciagrano explainabilityandinterpretabilityinconceptanddatadriftasystematicliteraturereview
AT marcopiangerelli explainabilityandinterpretabilityinconceptanddatadriftasystematicliteraturereview