Changes of Cytokines in Saliva of Pigs with <i>Streptococcus suis</i> Infection Measured with a Multiplex Assay
<b>Experimental Objective:</b> This study evaluated potential changes in cytokines in the saliva of pigs with meningitis and <i>Streptococcus suis</i> (<i>S. suis</i>) infection, using a multiplex assay. <b>Methods:</b> For this purpose, levels of 13 c...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Veterinary Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/4/316 |
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| author | Alberto Muñoz-Prieto Luis Pardo-Marín Elena Goyena Edgar García Manzanilla José Joaquín Cerón Lorena Franco-Martínez |
| author_facet | Alberto Muñoz-Prieto Luis Pardo-Marín Elena Goyena Edgar García Manzanilla José Joaquín Cerón Lorena Franco-Martínez |
| author_sort | Alberto Muñoz-Prieto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Experimental Objective:</b> This study evaluated potential changes in cytokines in the saliva of pigs with meningitis and <i>Streptococcus suis</i> (<i>S. suis</i>) infection, using a multiplex assay. <b>Methods:</b> For this purpose, levels of 13 cytokines, namely GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-α, were measured in porcine saliva from 29 male weaning piglets (6 to 9 weeks old) with meningitis and <i>S. suis</i> infection (<i>S. suis</i> group, n = 15) and healthy controls (healthy group, n = 14). Samples were measured using Luminex xMAP<sup>®</sup> technology with a multiplex assay that was analytically evaluated in this study. <b>Results:</b> The measurement of these cytokines provided adequate values during the analytical validation conducted in this study, except for GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFNγ, and IL-8. Particularly for GM-CSF and TNF-α, many values, especially in healthy pigs, fell below the limit of quantification of the assay. In pigs with <i>S. suis</i> infection, 11 out of the 13 cytokines, namely GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-α, showed statistically (<i>p</i> < 0.05) higher levels compared to the healthy controls. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings underscore an association between <i>S. suis</i> infection and alterations in selected cytokine levels in the saliva of pigs afflicted with this disease, thus highlighting the potential role of these cytokines in the immune response to infection. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-477fc3bf576f4a6384b88f5c85eb2fbe |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2306-7381 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Veterinary Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-477fc3bf576f4a6384b88f5c85eb2fbe2025-08-20T03:13:45ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812025-03-0112431610.3390/vetsci12040316Changes of Cytokines in Saliva of Pigs with <i>Streptococcus suis</i> Infection Measured with a Multiplex AssayAlberto Muñoz-Prieto0Luis Pardo-Marín1Elena Goyena2Edgar García Manzanilla3José Joaquín Cerón4Lorena Franco-Martínez5Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, SpainInterdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, SpainDepartment of Anatomy and Comparative Anatomy, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, SpainMoorepark Animal and Grassland Research Center, Teagasc, Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Cork P61 C996, IrelandInterdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, SpainInterdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain<b>Experimental Objective:</b> This study evaluated potential changes in cytokines in the saliva of pigs with meningitis and <i>Streptococcus suis</i> (<i>S. suis</i>) infection, using a multiplex assay. <b>Methods:</b> For this purpose, levels of 13 cytokines, namely GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-α, were measured in porcine saliva from 29 male weaning piglets (6 to 9 weeks old) with meningitis and <i>S. suis</i> infection (<i>S. suis</i> group, n = 15) and healthy controls (healthy group, n = 14). Samples were measured using Luminex xMAP<sup>®</sup> technology with a multiplex assay that was analytically evaluated in this study. <b>Results:</b> The measurement of these cytokines provided adequate values during the analytical validation conducted in this study, except for GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFNγ, and IL-8. Particularly for GM-CSF and TNF-α, many values, especially in healthy pigs, fell below the limit of quantification of the assay. In pigs with <i>S. suis</i> infection, 11 out of the 13 cytokines, namely GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-α, showed statistically (<i>p</i> < 0.05) higher levels compared to the healthy controls. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings underscore an association between <i>S. suis</i> infection and alterations in selected cytokine levels in the saliva of pigs afflicted with this disease, thus highlighting the potential role of these cytokines in the immune response to infection.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/4/316biomarkerscytokinesmultiplexsialochemistryporcineoral fluid |
| spellingShingle | Alberto Muñoz-Prieto Luis Pardo-Marín Elena Goyena Edgar García Manzanilla José Joaquín Cerón Lorena Franco-Martínez Changes of Cytokines in Saliva of Pigs with <i>Streptococcus suis</i> Infection Measured with a Multiplex Assay Veterinary Sciences biomarkers cytokines multiplex sialochemistry porcine oral fluid |
| title | Changes of Cytokines in Saliva of Pigs with <i>Streptococcus suis</i> Infection Measured with a Multiplex Assay |
| title_full | Changes of Cytokines in Saliva of Pigs with <i>Streptococcus suis</i> Infection Measured with a Multiplex Assay |
| title_fullStr | Changes of Cytokines in Saliva of Pigs with <i>Streptococcus suis</i> Infection Measured with a Multiplex Assay |
| title_full_unstemmed | Changes of Cytokines in Saliva of Pigs with <i>Streptococcus suis</i> Infection Measured with a Multiplex Assay |
| title_short | Changes of Cytokines in Saliva of Pigs with <i>Streptococcus suis</i> Infection Measured with a Multiplex Assay |
| title_sort | changes of cytokines in saliva of pigs with i streptococcus suis i infection measured with a multiplex assay |
| topic | biomarkers cytokines multiplex sialochemistry porcine oral fluid |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/4/316 |
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