Prevalence and clinical significance of potential drug-drug interactions of antimicrobials in Intensive Care Unit patients: a retrospective study
Abstract Background Antimicrobials are frequently prescribed in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), where drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with other medications may exacerbate clinical outcomes. Limited evidence exists on the prevalence and clinical impact of these interactions. Objective To estimate the pre...
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2025-05-01
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| Series: | BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-025-00925-z |
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| author | Shanshan Xu Zhihui Song Jie Bai Jiawei Wang |
| author_facet | Shanshan Xu Zhihui Song Jie Bai Jiawei Wang |
| author_sort | Shanshan Xu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Antimicrobials are frequently prescribed in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), where drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with other medications may exacerbate clinical outcomes. Limited evidence exists on the prevalence and clinical impact of these interactions. Objective To estimate the prevalence of potential DDIs (pDDIs) between antimicrobials and other drugs in ICU patients using two electronic DDIs databases, identify the actual DDIs and the most frequently implicated antimicrobials, and determine the risk factors associated with actual DDIs. Methods We conducted a retrospective study on patients admitted to intensive care units from January to December 2023. Micromedex and Lexi-Interact were used to identify pDDIs and their severities. Furthermore, we used the Drug Interaction Probability Scale (DIPS) criteria to identify actual DDIs. Results Among 2,154 patients, 2,163 pDDIs (108 unique pairs) were identified in 461 patients, and 2.87% (62 pDDIs in 46 patients) were classified as actual DDIs. The antimicrobials most likely to cause pDDIs included quinolones, triazole antifungals, and linezolid. Antimicrobial-drug pairs with a higher incidence of severe pDDIs included linezolid-dopamine/metoclopramide (hypertension), voriconazole-budesonide for inhalation (increased serum concentration of budesonide), and levofloxacin-amiodarone (QT prolongation). The antimicrobial-drug pairs with a higher occurrence of actual DDIs included linezolid-dopamine/dobutamine (hypertension), fluconazole-amiodarone/ritonavir (QT prolongation), and cefoperazone/vancomycin-furosemide (nephrotoxicity). Moderate agreement existed between the two databases for pDDIs detection (Cohen’s kappa = 0.546), but severity ratings diverged. Multivariable analysis identified the number of drugs per patient (OR = 1.178, p < 0.001), the number of antimicrobials per patient (OR = 1.146, p < 0.038), and the length of stay in the ICU (OR = 1.093, p < 0.038) as significant risk factors. Conclusions High pDDI rates involving antimicrobials were observed in ICU patients, though actual DDIs were infrequent. Notable severe risk pairs warrant vigilant monitoring, especially with a higher occurrence of actual DDIs. Discrepancies in DDI databases emphasize the need for multi-tool validation to optimize medication safety. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-47767e8986cd4d55a9168dd7c79fa229 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2050-6511 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology |
| spelling | doaj-art-47767e8986cd4d55a9168dd7c79fa2292025-08-20T03:07:57ZengBMCBMC Pharmacology and Toxicology2050-65112025-05-0126111210.1186/s40360-025-00925-zPrevalence and clinical significance of potential drug-drug interactions of antimicrobials in Intensive Care Unit patients: a retrospective studyShanshan Xu0Zhihui Song1Jie Bai2Jiawei Wang3Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren HospitalDepartment of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren HospitalDepartment of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren HospitalDepartment of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren HospitalAbstract Background Antimicrobials are frequently prescribed in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), where drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with other medications may exacerbate clinical outcomes. Limited evidence exists on the prevalence and clinical impact of these interactions. Objective To estimate the prevalence of potential DDIs (pDDIs) between antimicrobials and other drugs in ICU patients using two electronic DDIs databases, identify the actual DDIs and the most frequently implicated antimicrobials, and determine the risk factors associated with actual DDIs. Methods We conducted a retrospective study on patients admitted to intensive care units from January to December 2023. Micromedex and Lexi-Interact were used to identify pDDIs and their severities. Furthermore, we used the Drug Interaction Probability Scale (DIPS) criteria to identify actual DDIs. Results Among 2,154 patients, 2,163 pDDIs (108 unique pairs) were identified in 461 patients, and 2.87% (62 pDDIs in 46 patients) were classified as actual DDIs. The antimicrobials most likely to cause pDDIs included quinolones, triazole antifungals, and linezolid. Antimicrobial-drug pairs with a higher incidence of severe pDDIs included linezolid-dopamine/metoclopramide (hypertension), voriconazole-budesonide for inhalation (increased serum concentration of budesonide), and levofloxacin-amiodarone (QT prolongation). The antimicrobial-drug pairs with a higher occurrence of actual DDIs included linezolid-dopamine/dobutamine (hypertension), fluconazole-amiodarone/ritonavir (QT prolongation), and cefoperazone/vancomycin-furosemide (nephrotoxicity). Moderate agreement existed between the two databases for pDDIs detection (Cohen’s kappa = 0.546), but severity ratings diverged. Multivariable analysis identified the number of drugs per patient (OR = 1.178, p < 0.001), the number of antimicrobials per patient (OR = 1.146, p < 0.038), and the length of stay in the ICU (OR = 1.093, p < 0.038) as significant risk factors. Conclusions High pDDI rates involving antimicrobials were observed in ICU patients, though actual DDIs were infrequent. Notable severe risk pairs warrant vigilant monitoring, especially with a higher occurrence of actual DDIs. Discrepancies in DDI databases emphasize the need for multi-tool validation to optimize medication safety.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-025-00925-zDrug-drug interactionsAdverse drug reactionsAntimicrobialsIntensive Care Unit patientsLexi-InteractMicromedex |
| spellingShingle | Shanshan Xu Zhihui Song Jie Bai Jiawei Wang Prevalence and clinical significance of potential drug-drug interactions of antimicrobials in Intensive Care Unit patients: a retrospective study BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology Drug-drug interactions Adverse drug reactions Antimicrobials Intensive Care Unit patients Lexi-Interact Micromedex |
| title | Prevalence and clinical significance of potential drug-drug interactions of antimicrobials in Intensive Care Unit patients: a retrospective study |
| title_full | Prevalence and clinical significance of potential drug-drug interactions of antimicrobials in Intensive Care Unit patients: a retrospective study |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence and clinical significance of potential drug-drug interactions of antimicrobials in Intensive Care Unit patients: a retrospective study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence and clinical significance of potential drug-drug interactions of antimicrobials in Intensive Care Unit patients: a retrospective study |
| title_short | Prevalence and clinical significance of potential drug-drug interactions of antimicrobials in Intensive Care Unit patients: a retrospective study |
| title_sort | prevalence and clinical significance of potential drug drug interactions of antimicrobials in intensive care unit patients a retrospective study |
| topic | Drug-drug interactions Adverse drug reactions Antimicrobials Intensive Care Unit patients Lexi-Interact Micromedex |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-025-00925-z |
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