Surgical site infections: a comprehensive review

Surgical site infections (SSIs) represent a major public health challenge, contributing to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs worldwide. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, classification, risk factors, microbiological aspects, treatment modalities, and...

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Main Authors: Ahmad Reza Rezaei, Damian Zienkiewicz, Amir Reza Rezaei
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Korean Society of Traumatology 2025-06-01
Series:Journal of Trauma and Injury
Subjects:
Online Access:http://jtraumainj.org/upload/pdf/jti-2025-0019.pdf
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author Ahmad Reza Rezaei
Damian Zienkiewicz
Amir Reza Rezaei
author_facet Ahmad Reza Rezaei
Damian Zienkiewicz
Amir Reza Rezaei
author_sort Ahmad Reza Rezaei
collection DOAJ
description Surgical site infections (SSIs) represent a major public health challenge, contributing to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs worldwide. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, classification, risk factors, microbiological aspects, treatment modalities, and prevention strategies for SSIs, based on contemporary research and evidence-based practice protocols. An extensive literature review was conducted, synthesizing existing studies on SSIs. A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and guidelines from leading organizations such as the American College of Surgeons, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed articles as well as American and European medical guidelines focusing on the epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology, treatment, and prevention of SSIs. The review adhered to the PECO (population, exposure, comparator, outcome) framework. Some of the most significant global concerns related to SSIs include antibiotic resistance and the contamination of surgical instruments, particularly in resource-poor settings. Trauma patients, especially those undergoing emergency procedures or sustaining open fractures, are at increased risk for SSIs due to the severity of their injuries and higher contamination risks. These findings underscore the importance of preventive measures, such as appropriate preoperative interventions, strict aseptic techniques, and proper antibiotic prophylaxis, in reducing SSI incidence and improving patient outcomes.
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spelling doaj-art-4754591b97e6415fb1acc0bd554e4b472025-08-20T03:50:02ZengKorean Society of TraumatologyJournal of Trauma and Injury2799-43172287-16832025-06-01382718110.20408/jti.2025.00191360Surgical site infections: a comprehensive reviewAhmad Reza Rezaei0Damian Zienkiewicz1Amir Reza Rezaei2 Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, PolandSurgical site infections (SSIs) represent a major public health challenge, contributing to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs worldwide. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, classification, risk factors, microbiological aspects, treatment modalities, and prevention strategies for SSIs, based on contemporary research and evidence-based practice protocols. An extensive literature review was conducted, synthesizing existing studies on SSIs. A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and guidelines from leading organizations such as the American College of Surgeons, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed articles as well as American and European medical guidelines focusing on the epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology, treatment, and prevention of SSIs. The review adhered to the PECO (population, exposure, comparator, outcome) framework. Some of the most significant global concerns related to SSIs include antibiotic resistance and the contamination of surgical instruments, particularly in resource-poor settings. Trauma patients, especially those undergoing emergency procedures or sustaining open fractures, are at increased risk for SSIs due to the severity of their injuries and higher contamination risks. These findings underscore the importance of preventive measures, such as appropriate preoperative interventions, strict aseptic techniques, and proper antibiotic prophylaxis, in reducing SSI incidence and improving patient outcomes.http://jtraumainj.org/upload/pdf/jti-2025-0019.pdfsurgical wound infectionmicrobial drug resistance equipment contaminationsterilization
spellingShingle Ahmad Reza Rezaei
Damian Zienkiewicz
Amir Reza Rezaei
Surgical site infections: a comprehensive review
Journal of Trauma and Injury
surgical wound infection
microbial drug resistance

equipment contamination
sterilization
title Surgical site infections: a comprehensive review
title_full Surgical site infections: a comprehensive review
title_fullStr Surgical site infections: a comprehensive review
title_full_unstemmed Surgical site infections: a comprehensive review
title_short Surgical site infections: a comprehensive review
title_sort surgical site infections a comprehensive review
topic surgical wound infection
microbial drug resistance

equipment contamination
sterilization
url http://jtraumainj.org/upload/pdf/jti-2025-0019.pdf
work_keys_str_mv AT ahmadrezarezaei surgicalsiteinfectionsacomprehensivereview
AT damianzienkiewicz surgicalsiteinfectionsacomprehensivereview
AT amirrezarezaei surgicalsiteinfectionsacomprehensivereview