Global Trends and Regional Differences in the Burden of Infective Endocarditis, 1990–2021: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Abstract Background The study aimed to offer detailed insights into the global, regional, and national burden of IE in 2021, while also examining the temporal trends of IE from 1990 to 2021. Methods Data on the absolute numbers and age-standardized rates (ASR) of incidence, deaths, and disability-ad...

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Main Authors: Huanhuan Miao, Zhanyang Zhou, Zheng Yin, Xue Li, Yuhui Zhang, Yuqing Zhang, Jian Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-05-01
Series:Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00413-x
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author Huanhuan Miao
Zhanyang Zhou
Zheng Yin
Xue Li
Yuhui Zhang
Yuqing Zhang
Jian Zhang
author_facet Huanhuan Miao
Zhanyang Zhou
Zheng Yin
Xue Li
Yuhui Zhang
Yuqing Zhang
Jian Zhang
author_sort Huanhuan Miao
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background The study aimed to offer detailed insights into the global, regional, and national burden of IE in 2021, while also examining the temporal trends of IE from 1990 to 2021. Methods Data on the absolute numbers and age-standardized rates (ASR) of incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) related to IE were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) of ASR were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. Furthermore, joinpoint regression models were used to identify the temporal trends and the primary joinpoint year of ASR. Results Globally, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) for IE increased with an EAPC of 1.00 (95%CI: 0.93–1.08) from 9.35 per 100 000 population in 1990 to 12.61 per 100 000 population in 2021. Despite a rise in the absolute number of death cases and DALYs related to IE, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) has remained stable (EAPC 0.06, 95%CI: -0.10-0.22), and the age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) has exhibited a decline (EAPC − 0.34, 95%CI: -0.45–0.24) between 1990 and 2021. Males bore a higher burden of IE compared to females, with the peak burden gradually shifting towards older individuals. In 2021, the ASIR for IE exhibited an increase with the rise in socio-demographic index (SDI) quintiles, with the highest ASIR observed in the high SDI region (15.77 per 100 000 population). Moreover, the highest growth rates of ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR were also noted in the high SDI region. On the other hand, the ASMR (1.34 per 100 000 population) and ASDR (40.71 per 100 000 population) for IE were relatively high in the low SDI region. Joinpoint analysis demonstrated that the ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR did not experience any sudden surges either globally or across different SDI regions after 2007. Conclusions The burden of IE remained relatively high, characterized by a rising ASIR and a stable ASMR on a global scale. This burden was notably prominent among males, the elderly, and in the high and low SDI regions. Region-specific prevention and management strategies might be warranted to reduce the burden of IE.
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spelling doaj-art-47384bfe39114a1891dd20aed63e76b92025-08-20T03:09:34ZengSpringerJournal of Epidemiology and Global Health2210-60142025-05-0115111410.1007/s44197-025-00413-xGlobal Trends and Regional Differences in the Burden of Infective Endocarditis, 1990–2021: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021Huanhuan Miao0Zhanyang Zhou1Zheng Yin2Xue Li3Yuhui Zhang4Yuqing Zhang5Jian Zhang6Heart Failure Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical CollegeHeart Failure Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical CollegeHeart Failure Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical CollegeHeart Failure Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical CollegeHeart Failure Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical CollegeHeart Failure Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical CollegeHeart Failure Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical CollegeAbstract Background The study aimed to offer detailed insights into the global, regional, and national burden of IE in 2021, while also examining the temporal trends of IE from 1990 to 2021. Methods Data on the absolute numbers and age-standardized rates (ASR) of incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) related to IE were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) of ASR were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. Furthermore, joinpoint regression models were used to identify the temporal trends and the primary joinpoint year of ASR. Results Globally, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) for IE increased with an EAPC of 1.00 (95%CI: 0.93–1.08) from 9.35 per 100 000 population in 1990 to 12.61 per 100 000 population in 2021. Despite a rise in the absolute number of death cases and DALYs related to IE, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) has remained stable (EAPC 0.06, 95%CI: -0.10-0.22), and the age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) has exhibited a decline (EAPC − 0.34, 95%CI: -0.45–0.24) between 1990 and 2021. Males bore a higher burden of IE compared to females, with the peak burden gradually shifting towards older individuals. In 2021, the ASIR for IE exhibited an increase with the rise in socio-demographic index (SDI) quintiles, with the highest ASIR observed in the high SDI region (15.77 per 100 000 population). Moreover, the highest growth rates of ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR were also noted in the high SDI region. On the other hand, the ASMR (1.34 per 100 000 population) and ASDR (40.71 per 100 000 population) for IE were relatively high in the low SDI region. Joinpoint analysis demonstrated that the ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR did not experience any sudden surges either globally or across different SDI regions after 2007. Conclusions The burden of IE remained relatively high, characterized by a rising ASIR and a stable ASMR on a global scale. This burden was notably prominent among males, the elderly, and in the high and low SDI regions. Region-specific prevention and management strategies might be warranted to reduce the burden of IE.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00413-xInfective endocarditisGlobal burdenTemporal trendAge-standardized rate
spellingShingle Huanhuan Miao
Zhanyang Zhou
Zheng Yin
Xue Li
Yuhui Zhang
Yuqing Zhang
Jian Zhang
Global Trends and Regional Differences in the Burden of Infective Endocarditis, 1990–2021: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health
Infective endocarditis
Global burden
Temporal trend
Age-standardized rate
title Global Trends and Regional Differences in the Burden of Infective Endocarditis, 1990–2021: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_full Global Trends and Regional Differences in the Burden of Infective Endocarditis, 1990–2021: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_fullStr Global Trends and Regional Differences in the Burden of Infective Endocarditis, 1990–2021: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_full_unstemmed Global Trends and Regional Differences in the Burden of Infective Endocarditis, 1990–2021: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_short Global Trends and Regional Differences in the Burden of Infective Endocarditis, 1990–2021: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_sort global trends and regional differences in the burden of infective endocarditis 1990 2021 an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021
topic Infective endocarditis
Global burden
Temporal trend
Age-standardized rate
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00413-x
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