Protection and diagnostic interference induced by heat-inactivated, phage-inactivated and live vaccine prototypes against animal tuberculosis

IntroductionVaccination emerges as a promising cost-effective tool to reduce the impact and spread of animal tuberculosis, especially in regions where test-and-slaughter eradication strategy is socioeconomically unfeasible or unfruitful for different reasons, provided it is safe, efficacious and com...

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Main Authors: Leire Fernández-Veiga, Miguel Fuertes, María V. Geijo, Natalia Elguezabal, Jose L. Serrano-Mestre, Lucía Vázquez-Iniesta, Rafael Prados-Rosales, Lorraine Michelet, Maria Laura Boschiroli, Bernat Pérez de Val, Gareth J. Jones, Ramón A. Juste, Joseba M. Garrido, Iker A. Sevilla
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1620497/full
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author Leire Fernández-Veiga
Miguel Fuertes
María V. Geijo
Natalia Elguezabal
Jose L. Serrano-Mestre
Lucía Vázquez-Iniesta
Rafael Prados-Rosales
Lorraine Michelet
Maria Laura Boschiroli
Bernat Pérez de Val
Bernat Pérez de Val
Gareth J. Jones
Ramón A. Juste
Joseba M. Garrido
Iker A. Sevilla
author_facet Leire Fernández-Veiga
Miguel Fuertes
María V. Geijo
Natalia Elguezabal
Jose L. Serrano-Mestre
Lucía Vázquez-Iniesta
Rafael Prados-Rosales
Lorraine Michelet
Maria Laura Boschiroli
Bernat Pérez de Val
Bernat Pérez de Val
Gareth J. Jones
Ramón A. Juste
Joseba M. Garrido
Iker A. Sevilla
author_sort Leire Fernández-Veiga
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionVaccination emerges as a promising cost-effective tool to reduce the impact and spread of animal tuberculosis, especially in regions where test-and-slaughter eradication strategy is socioeconomically unfeasible or unfruitful for different reasons, provided it is safe, efficacious and compatible with diagnosis.MethodsIn this study, we preliminarily evaluated the diagnostic interference (using guinea pigs) and the protective efficacy (using mice) of three heat-inactivated, three phage-inactivated and one live attenuated vaccine prototypes prepared from M. bovis, M. caprae, and M. microti.Results and discussionPhage-inactivation killed almost all (96.41–99.92%) bacteria to be included in vaccines and filtering was used to remove the remaining viable cells. All the assayed vaccines induced skin test reactions in response to bovine tuberculin, but they were smaller in the phage-inactivated vaccine groups. All the vaccines were diagnosis-compatible with defined skin test antigens based on ESAT-6, CFP-10, and Rv3615c. In contrast with the rest of prototypes, vaccination with heat- and phage-inactivated M. microti did not prompt the production of detectable anti-MPB70+MPB83 antibodies. Mean bacterial burden was lower in all vaccinated groups in comparison with the control, being significantly reduced in the lungs of the heat-inactivated M. microti and M. caprae and phage-inactivated M. caprae groups. Considering both diagnostic interference and protection collectively, the heat-inactivated M. microti vaccine showed the best performance. Further studies to evaluate these vaccines and to improve phage-driven inactivation are warranted.
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spelling doaj-art-472ecd30b86b4f8288c9d2e00ccf28762025-08-20T02:40:32ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692025-07-011210.3389/fvets.2025.16204971620497Protection and diagnostic interference induced by heat-inactivated, phage-inactivated and live vaccine prototypes against animal tuberculosisLeire Fernández-Veiga0Miguel Fuertes1María V. Geijo2Natalia Elguezabal3Jose L. Serrano-Mestre4Lucía Vázquez-Iniesta5Rafael Prados-Rosales6Lorraine Michelet7Maria Laura Boschiroli8Bernat Pérez de Val9Bernat Pérez de Val10Gareth J. Jones11Ramón A. Juste12Joseba M. Garrido13Iker A. Sevilla14Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, SpainDepartamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, SpainDepartamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, SpainDepartamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, SpainDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainUniversité Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Unité Zoonoses Bactériennes, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, FranceUniversité Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Unité Zoonoses Bactériennes, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, FranceIRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainUnitat mixta d'investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, CReSA, Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, SpainDepartment of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United KingdomDepartamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, SpainDepartamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, SpainDepartamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, SpainIntroductionVaccination emerges as a promising cost-effective tool to reduce the impact and spread of animal tuberculosis, especially in regions where test-and-slaughter eradication strategy is socioeconomically unfeasible or unfruitful for different reasons, provided it is safe, efficacious and compatible with diagnosis.MethodsIn this study, we preliminarily evaluated the diagnostic interference (using guinea pigs) and the protective efficacy (using mice) of three heat-inactivated, three phage-inactivated and one live attenuated vaccine prototypes prepared from M. bovis, M. caprae, and M. microti.Results and discussionPhage-inactivation killed almost all (96.41–99.92%) bacteria to be included in vaccines and filtering was used to remove the remaining viable cells. All the assayed vaccines induced skin test reactions in response to bovine tuberculin, but they were smaller in the phage-inactivated vaccine groups. All the vaccines were diagnosis-compatible with defined skin test antigens based on ESAT-6, CFP-10, and Rv3615c. In contrast with the rest of prototypes, vaccination with heat- and phage-inactivated M. microti did not prompt the production of detectable anti-MPB70+MPB83 antibodies. Mean bacterial burden was lower in all vaccinated groups in comparison with the control, being significantly reduced in the lungs of the heat-inactivated M. microti and M. caprae and phage-inactivated M. caprae groups. Considering both diagnostic interference and protection collectively, the heat-inactivated M. microti vaccine showed the best performance. Further studies to evaluate these vaccines and to improve phage-driven inactivation are warranted.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1620497/fullanimal tuberculosisvaccinediagnostic interferenceMycobacterium bovisMycobacterium capraeMycobacterium microti
spellingShingle Leire Fernández-Veiga
Miguel Fuertes
María V. Geijo
Natalia Elguezabal
Jose L. Serrano-Mestre
Lucía Vázquez-Iniesta
Rafael Prados-Rosales
Lorraine Michelet
Maria Laura Boschiroli
Bernat Pérez de Val
Bernat Pérez de Val
Gareth J. Jones
Ramón A. Juste
Joseba M. Garrido
Iker A. Sevilla
Protection and diagnostic interference induced by heat-inactivated, phage-inactivated and live vaccine prototypes against animal tuberculosis
Frontiers in Veterinary Science
animal tuberculosis
vaccine
diagnostic interference
Mycobacterium bovis
Mycobacterium caprae
Mycobacterium microti
title Protection and diagnostic interference induced by heat-inactivated, phage-inactivated and live vaccine prototypes against animal tuberculosis
title_full Protection and diagnostic interference induced by heat-inactivated, phage-inactivated and live vaccine prototypes against animal tuberculosis
title_fullStr Protection and diagnostic interference induced by heat-inactivated, phage-inactivated and live vaccine prototypes against animal tuberculosis
title_full_unstemmed Protection and diagnostic interference induced by heat-inactivated, phage-inactivated and live vaccine prototypes against animal tuberculosis
title_short Protection and diagnostic interference induced by heat-inactivated, phage-inactivated and live vaccine prototypes against animal tuberculosis
title_sort protection and diagnostic interference induced by heat inactivated phage inactivated and live vaccine prototypes against animal tuberculosis
topic animal tuberculosis
vaccine
diagnostic interference
Mycobacterium bovis
Mycobacterium caprae
Mycobacterium microti
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1620497/full
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