Occurrence of Co-Contamination and Interaction of Multi-Mycotoxins in Dairy Cow Feed in China
Co-contamination of multiple mycotoxins in feed has become one of the most important issues in the world. In this study, the characteristics and interactions of co-contamination among 15 mycotoxins were explored in dairy cow feed, including total mixed ration (TMR), silage, maize, and hay feed. The...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| author | Zuoyin Zhu Haisheng Cheng Jie Wang Junmei Ma Jianhua Wang Hongyang Wang Xinli Zhou Junhua Yang |
| author_facet | Zuoyin Zhu Haisheng Cheng Jie Wang Junmei Ma Jianhua Wang Hongyang Wang Xinli Zhou Junhua Yang |
| author_sort | Zuoyin Zhu |
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| description | Co-contamination of multiple mycotoxins in feed has become one of the most important issues in the world. In this study, the characteristics and interactions of co-contamination among 15 mycotoxins were explored in dairy cow feed, including total mixed ration (TMR), silage, maize, and hay feed. The results showed that four dairy cow feeds were constantly contaminated with mycotoxins, including zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FBs), deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin (T-2), and aflatoxins (AFs). The contamination level of each mycotoxin was low, but the probability of co-contamination by three or more mycotoxins in one sample was very high. Between DON and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), between aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and OTA, between FB2 and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), between 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and ZEN, and between fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B3 (FB3), and between aflatoxin M2 (AFM2) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), there were significant and strong correlations. Among the four typical feed samples, the combinations DON + ZEN, DON + FB1, FB1 + ZEN, OTA + ZEN, DON + 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 3-ADON + ZEN, T-2 + ZEN, fumonisin B2 (FB2) + ZEN, and DON + FB3 had higher interaction rates than the other combinations (≥43.75%). Our study not only reveals that co-contamination with multiple mycotoxins is relatively common in dairy cow feed but also highlights the significant correlations between various mycotoxins and assesses the likelihood of their interactions. These findings are crucial for ensuring feed safety and safeguarding animal health. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-470d3676d4894769a6e8f67dd09b05ab |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj-art-470d3676d4894769a6e8f67dd09b05ab2025-08-20T01:48:56ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512025-03-0117313710.3390/toxins17030137Occurrence of Co-Contamination and Interaction of Multi-Mycotoxins in Dairy Cow Feed in ChinaZuoyin Zhu0Haisheng Cheng1Jie Wang2Junmei Ma3Jianhua Wang4Hongyang Wang5Xinli Zhou6Junhua Yang7School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaSchool of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaSchool of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaXining Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Testing Center, Xining 810003, ChinaInstitute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaInstitute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, ChinaSchool of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, ChinaInstitute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaCo-contamination of multiple mycotoxins in feed has become one of the most important issues in the world. In this study, the characteristics and interactions of co-contamination among 15 mycotoxins were explored in dairy cow feed, including total mixed ration (TMR), silage, maize, and hay feed. The results showed that four dairy cow feeds were constantly contaminated with mycotoxins, including zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FBs), deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin (T-2), and aflatoxins (AFs). The contamination level of each mycotoxin was low, but the probability of co-contamination by three or more mycotoxins in one sample was very high. Between DON and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), between aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and OTA, between FB2 and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), between 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and ZEN, and between fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B3 (FB3), and between aflatoxin M2 (AFM2) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), there were significant and strong correlations. Among the four typical feed samples, the combinations DON + ZEN, DON + FB1, FB1 + ZEN, OTA + ZEN, DON + 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 3-ADON + ZEN, T-2 + ZEN, fumonisin B2 (FB2) + ZEN, and DON + FB3 had higher interaction rates than the other combinations (≥43.75%). Our study not only reveals that co-contamination with multiple mycotoxins is relatively common in dairy cow feed but also highlights the significant correlations between various mycotoxins and assesses the likelihood of their interactions. These findings are crucial for ensuring feed safety and safeguarding animal health.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/3/137feedmycotoxinco-contaminationcorrelationinteraction |
| spellingShingle | Zuoyin Zhu Haisheng Cheng Jie Wang Junmei Ma Jianhua Wang Hongyang Wang Xinli Zhou Junhua Yang Occurrence of Co-Contamination and Interaction of Multi-Mycotoxins in Dairy Cow Feed in China Toxins feed mycotoxin co-contamination correlation interaction |
| title | Occurrence of Co-Contamination and Interaction of Multi-Mycotoxins in Dairy Cow Feed in China |
| title_full | Occurrence of Co-Contamination and Interaction of Multi-Mycotoxins in Dairy Cow Feed in China |
| title_fullStr | Occurrence of Co-Contamination and Interaction of Multi-Mycotoxins in Dairy Cow Feed in China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Occurrence of Co-Contamination and Interaction of Multi-Mycotoxins in Dairy Cow Feed in China |
| title_short | Occurrence of Co-Contamination and Interaction of Multi-Mycotoxins in Dairy Cow Feed in China |
| title_sort | occurrence of co contamination and interaction of multi mycotoxins in dairy cow feed in china |
| topic | feed mycotoxin co-contamination correlation interaction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/3/137 |
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