Comparative analysis of leading artificial intelligence chatbots in the context of entrepreneurship

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots show remarkable abilities across applications. Despite a growing literature, their capability in the field of entrepreneurship is not fully understood. The aim of this study is to empirically evaluate and compare capabilities of five major AI chatbots—G...

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Main Authors: Firuz Kamalov, David Santandreu Calonge, Patrik T. Hultberg, Linda Smail, Dima Jamali
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-06-01
Series:Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-025-00527-3
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author Firuz Kamalov
David Santandreu Calonge
Patrik T. Hultberg
Linda Smail
Dima Jamali
author_facet Firuz Kamalov
David Santandreu Calonge
Patrik T. Hultberg
Linda Smail
Dima Jamali
author_sort Firuz Kamalov
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots show remarkable abilities across applications. Despite a growing literature, their capability in the field of entrepreneurship is not fully understood. The aim of this study is to empirically evaluate and compare capabilities of five major AI chatbots—GPT-3.5, GPT-4, Gemini 1.0, Llama 2, and Claude—in the context of entrepreneurship theory, using a benchmark entrepreneurship test. In particular, the performance of the chatbots on a set of multiple-choice questions, short-answer questions, and essay questions related to entrepreneurship is assessed. The results indicate that GPT-4 delivers the strongest overall performance. Meanwhile, Llama 2 offers precise responses with a significantly lower word count compared to the GPT models. Although chatbots do not always provide correct or precise answers to questions or complex prompts, they still prove to be valuable analytical tools for entrepreneurs. While the study offers compelling insights into chatbots’ grasp of entrepreneurship concepts, the findings are somewhat limited by the scarce availability of data.
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institution Kabale University
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language English
publishDate 2025-06-01
publisher SpringerOpen
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series Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
spelling doaj-art-46c62966514a4e0da979d941c69c5d702025-08-20T03:26:48ZengSpringerOpenJournal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship2192-53722025-06-0114112710.1186/s13731-025-00527-3Comparative analysis of leading artificial intelligence chatbots in the context of entrepreneurshipFiruz Kamalov0David Santandreu Calonge1Patrik T. Hultberg2Linda Smail3Dima Jamali4School of Engineering, Applied Science and Technology, Canadian University DubaiCenter for Teaching and Learning, Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial IntelligenceDepartment of Economics and Business, Kalamazoo CollegeCollege of Interdisciplinary Studies, Zayed UniversitySchool of Management, Canadian University DubaiAbstract Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots show remarkable abilities across applications. Despite a growing literature, their capability in the field of entrepreneurship is not fully understood. The aim of this study is to empirically evaluate and compare capabilities of five major AI chatbots—GPT-3.5, GPT-4, Gemini 1.0, Llama 2, and Claude—in the context of entrepreneurship theory, using a benchmark entrepreneurship test. In particular, the performance of the chatbots on a set of multiple-choice questions, short-answer questions, and essay questions related to entrepreneurship is assessed. The results indicate that GPT-4 delivers the strongest overall performance. Meanwhile, Llama 2 offers precise responses with a significantly lower word count compared to the GPT models. Although chatbots do not always provide correct or precise answers to questions or complex prompts, they still prove to be valuable analytical tools for entrepreneurs. While the study offers compelling insights into chatbots’ grasp of entrepreneurship concepts, the findings are somewhat limited by the scarce availability of data.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-025-00527-3Large language modelsEntrepreneurshipBusinessChatbotsAIMachine learning
spellingShingle Firuz Kamalov
David Santandreu Calonge
Patrik T. Hultberg
Linda Smail
Dima Jamali
Comparative analysis of leading artificial intelligence chatbots in the context of entrepreneurship
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Large language models
Entrepreneurship
Business
Chatbots
AI
Machine learning
title Comparative analysis of leading artificial intelligence chatbots in the context of entrepreneurship
title_full Comparative analysis of leading artificial intelligence chatbots in the context of entrepreneurship
title_fullStr Comparative analysis of leading artificial intelligence chatbots in the context of entrepreneurship
title_full_unstemmed Comparative analysis of leading artificial intelligence chatbots in the context of entrepreneurship
title_short Comparative analysis of leading artificial intelligence chatbots in the context of entrepreneurship
title_sort comparative analysis of leading artificial intelligence chatbots in the context of entrepreneurship
topic Large language models
Entrepreneurship
Business
Chatbots
AI
Machine learning
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-025-00527-3
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