The Bedrock of Rock Art: The Significance of Quartz Arenite as a Canvas for Rock Art in Central Sweden

In Scandinavia, numerous regions with high densities of rock art exist. One notable area is Mälardalen in central Sweden, where rock art, primarily dating from the Bronze Age and featuring various characters and symbolic meanings, is located along the prehistoric Lake Mälaren coastline. This article...

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Main Authors: Löfstedt Joakim, Löwenborg Daniel
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: De Gruyter 2025-07-01
Series:Open Archaeology
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2025-0056
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author Löfstedt Joakim
Löwenborg Daniel
author_facet Löfstedt Joakim
Löwenborg Daniel
author_sort Löfstedt Joakim
collection DOAJ
description In Scandinavia, numerous regions with high densities of rock art exist. One notable area is Mälardalen in central Sweden, where rock art, primarily dating from the Bronze Age and featuring various characters and symbolic meanings, is located along the prehistoric Lake Mälaren coastline. This article examines the landscape locations of these carvings in order to identify their distribution patterns. The methods employed include spatial analysis with geographic information system combined with Maxent, a machine learning technique. Geospatial data on the environment, particularly the bedrock, along with information about archaeological sites and the number of carvings, were analyzed. The primary findings reveal a significant correlation between rock art and quartz arenite. Despite covering only 1.6% of the land area in Mälardalen, this bedrock type hosts half of the known rock art. In this study, rock art is defined as images depicting various figures, such as ships, while cup marks are analyzed separately. The study argues that there has been a significant preference for specific rock types in the creation or preservation of rock art. The rock must be sufficiently soft to allow for carvings, yet hard and stable enough to withstand weathering.
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spelling doaj-art-46ada35cb71146e2b72e7f95e235fbdc2025-08-20T03:41:22ZengDe GruyterOpen Archaeology2300-65602025-07-01111pp. 112410.1515/opar-2025-0056The Bedrock of Rock Art: The Significance of Quartz Arenite as a Canvas for Rock Art in Central SwedenLöfstedt Joakim0Löwenborg Daniel1Department of Archaeology, Ancient History and Conservation; Archaeology, Uppsala University, SE-75126, Uppsala, SwedenDepartment of Archaeology, Ancient History and Conservation; Archaeology, Uppsala University, SE-75126, Uppsala, SwedenIn Scandinavia, numerous regions with high densities of rock art exist. One notable area is Mälardalen in central Sweden, where rock art, primarily dating from the Bronze Age and featuring various characters and symbolic meanings, is located along the prehistoric Lake Mälaren coastline. This article examines the landscape locations of these carvings in order to identify their distribution patterns. The methods employed include spatial analysis with geographic information system combined with Maxent, a machine learning technique. Geospatial data on the environment, particularly the bedrock, along with information about archaeological sites and the number of carvings, were analyzed. The primary findings reveal a significant correlation between rock art and quartz arenite. Despite covering only 1.6% of the land area in Mälardalen, this bedrock type hosts half of the known rock art. In this study, rock art is defined as images depicting various figures, such as ships, while cup marks are analyzed separately. The study argues that there has been a significant preference for specific rock types in the creation or preservation of rock art. The rock must be sufficiently soft to allow for carvings, yet hard and stable enough to withstand weathering.https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2025-0056archaeologyscandinaviarock artquartz arenitebedrockbronze agelake mälarenmaxent modelgisenvironmental analysisgeology
spellingShingle Löfstedt Joakim
Löwenborg Daniel
The Bedrock of Rock Art: The Significance of Quartz Arenite as a Canvas for Rock Art in Central Sweden
Open Archaeology
archaeology
scandinavia
rock art
quartz arenite
bedrock
bronze age
lake mälaren
maxent model
gis
environmental analysis
geology
title The Bedrock of Rock Art: The Significance of Quartz Arenite as a Canvas for Rock Art in Central Sweden
title_full The Bedrock of Rock Art: The Significance of Quartz Arenite as a Canvas for Rock Art in Central Sweden
title_fullStr The Bedrock of Rock Art: The Significance of Quartz Arenite as a Canvas for Rock Art in Central Sweden
title_full_unstemmed The Bedrock of Rock Art: The Significance of Quartz Arenite as a Canvas for Rock Art in Central Sweden
title_short The Bedrock of Rock Art: The Significance of Quartz Arenite as a Canvas for Rock Art in Central Sweden
title_sort bedrock of rock art the significance of quartz arenite as a canvas for rock art in central sweden
topic archaeology
scandinavia
rock art
quartz arenite
bedrock
bronze age
lake mälaren
maxent model
gis
environmental analysis
geology
url https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2025-0056
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