Global, regional, and national cardiovascular disease burden attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the GBD 2021 Study
Introduction Smoking poses a serious threat to cardiovascular health. The aim of the study is to evaluate the global, regional, and national burden of smokingattributable cardiovascular disease (CVD) and set priorities for future tobacco control. Methods Data on deaths and years lived with disabili...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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European Publishing
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Tobacco Induced Diseases |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.tobaccoinduceddiseases.org/Global-regional-and-national-cardiovascular-disease-burden-attributable-to-smoking,200072,0,2.html |
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| _version_ | 1850205283175890944 |
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| author | Shuaijie Zhu Jian Gao Liangliang Zhang Wanguo Dong Wei Shi Heng Guo Xiaoyu Zhang Tianfeng Hua Min Yang |
| author_facet | Shuaijie Zhu Jian Gao Liangliang Zhang Wanguo Dong Wei Shi Heng Guo Xiaoyu Zhang Tianfeng Hua Min Yang |
| author_sort | Shuaijie Zhu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction
Smoking poses a serious threat to cardiovascular health. The aim of
the study is to evaluate the global, regional, and national burden of smokingattributable
cardiovascular disease (CVD) and set priorities for future tobacco
control.
Methods
Data on deaths and years lived with disability (YLDs) for smokingrelated
CVD from 1990 to 2021, including age-standardized rates (ASRs),
were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021. This study is
a secondary descriptive analysis of the GBD 2021 data. We used the estimated
annual percentage change (EAPC) to reflect temporal trends in disease burden
and conducted a sensitivity analysis using the average annual percentage change
(AAPC) to corroborate the findings. We also analyzed the relationship between
disease burden and the Sociodemographic Index (SDI).
Results
In 2021, smoking-related CVD caused 2.25 million deaths and 3.09 million
YLDs globally, marking increases of 26.16% and 59.73% from 1990, respectively.
However, from 1990 to 2021, the global age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR)
and age-standardized years lived with disability rate (ASYR) for smoking-related
CVDs decreased, with EAPCs of -1.94 and -0.92, respectively. Between 1990 and
2021, Australasia and Tropical Latin America experienced the largest declines in
ASMR and ASYR, with EAPCs of -5.54 and -2.63, respectively, while Lesotho
and Mali had the largest increases, with EAPCs of 2.68 and 1.67, respectively.
Throughout the period, the burden of smoking-related CVD was consistently
higher in men. Moreover, the trend of decline in disease burden was slower in
men compared to women (EAPC for ASMR: -1.78 for men vs -3.25 for women).
In 2021, countries with higher SDI also had higher ASYR.
Conclusions
Although the global burden of smoking-related CVD has declined
over the past three decades, the challenge remains severe, particularly in less
developed countries and regions. More proactive and effective tobacco control
measures should be urgently implemented in countries where the burden of
smoking-related CVD is severe. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-469cdfedc4cf444f9bd78be521404b0e |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1617-9625 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | European Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Tobacco Induced Diseases |
| spelling | doaj-art-469cdfedc4cf444f9bd78be521404b0e2025-08-20T02:11:08ZengEuropean PublishingTobacco Induced Diseases1617-96252025-01-0123January11210.18332/tid/200072200072Global, regional, and national cardiovascular disease burden attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the GBD 2021 StudyShuaijie Zhu0https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0540-8113Jian Gao1Liangliang Zhang2Wanguo Dong3Wei Shi4Heng Guo5Xiaoyu Zhang6Tianfeng Hua7Min Yang8Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Critical Illness, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of ChinaLaboratory of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Critical Illness, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of ChinaLaboratory of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Critical Illness, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of ChinaLaboratory of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Critical Illness, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of ChinaLaboratory of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Critical Illness, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of ChinaLaboratory of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Critical Illness, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of ChinaLaboratory of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Critical Illness, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of ChinaLaboratory of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Critical Illness, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of ChinaLaboratory of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Critical Illness, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of ChinaIntroduction Smoking poses a serious threat to cardiovascular health. The aim of the study is to evaluate the global, regional, and national burden of smokingattributable cardiovascular disease (CVD) and set priorities for future tobacco control. Methods Data on deaths and years lived with disability (YLDs) for smokingrelated CVD from 1990 to 2021, including age-standardized rates (ASRs), were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021. This study is a secondary descriptive analysis of the GBD 2021 data. We used the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) to reflect temporal trends in disease burden and conducted a sensitivity analysis using the average annual percentage change (AAPC) to corroborate the findings. We also analyzed the relationship between disease burden and the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Results In 2021, smoking-related CVD caused 2.25 million deaths and 3.09 million YLDs globally, marking increases of 26.16% and 59.73% from 1990, respectively. However, from 1990 to 2021, the global age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized years lived with disability rate (ASYR) for smoking-related CVDs decreased, with EAPCs of -1.94 and -0.92, respectively. Between 1990 and 2021, Australasia and Tropical Latin America experienced the largest declines in ASMR and ASYR, with EAPCs of -5.54 and -2.63, respectively, while Lesotho and Mali had the largest increases, with EAPCs of 2.68 and 1.67, respectively. Throughout the period, the burden of smoking-related CVD was consistently higher in men. Moreover, the trend of decline in disease burden was slower in men compared to women (EAPC for ASMR: -1.78 for men vs -3.25 for women). In 2021, countries with higher SDI also had higher ASYR. Conclusions Although the global burden of smoking-related CVD has declined over the past three decades, the challenge remains severe, particularly in less developed countries and regions. More proactive and effective tobacco control measures should be urgently implemented in countries where the burden of smoking-related CVD is severe.https://www.tobaccoinduceddiseases.org/Global-regional-and-national-cardiovascular-disease-burden-attributable-to-smoking,200072,0,2.htmlcardiovascular diseasesmokingyears lived with disabilityestimated annual percentage change |
| spellingShingle | Shuaijie Zhu Jian Gao Liangliang Zhang Wanguo Dong Wei Shi Heng Guo Xiaoyu Zhang Tianfeng Hua Min Yang Global, regional, and national cardiovascular disease burden attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the GBD 2021 Study Tobacco Induced Diseases cardiovascular disease smoking years lived with disability estimated annual percentage change |
| title | Global, regional, and national cardiovascular disease burden attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the GBD 2021 Study |
| title_full | Global, regional, and national cardiovascular disease burden attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the GBD 2021 Study |
| title_fullStr | Global, regional, and national cardiovascular disease burden attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the GBD 2021 Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global, regional, and national cardiovascular disease burden attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the GBD 2021 Study |
| title_short | Global, regional, and national cardiovascular disease burden attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the GBD 2021 Study |
| title_sort | global regional and national cardiovascular disease burden attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021 findings from the gbd 2021 study |
| topic | cardiovascular disease smoking years lived with disability estimated annual percentage change |
| url | https://www.tobaccoinduceddiseases.org/Global-regional-and-national-cardiovascular-disease-burden-attributable-to-smoking,200072,0,2.html |
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