The Role of Immunohistochemistry as a Surrogate Marker in Molecular Subtyping and Classification of Bladder Cancer
Background/Objectives: Bladder cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous disease, presenting clinical challenges, particularly in predicting patient outcomes and selecting effective treatments. Molecular subtyping has emerged as an essential tool for understanding the biological diversity of BC; however...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-11-01
|
| Series: | Diagnostics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/22/2501 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850144947535085568 |
|---|---|
| author | Tatiana Cano Barbadilla Martina Álvarez Pérez Juan Daniel Prieto Cuadra Mª Teresa Dawid de Vera Fernando Alberca-del Arco Isabel García Muñoz Rocío Santos-Pérez de la Blanca Bernardo Herrera-Imbroda Elisa Matas-Rico Mª Isabel Hierro Martín |
| author_facet | Tatiana Cano Barbadilla Martina Álvarez Pérez Juan Daniel Prieto Cuadra Mª Teresa Dawid de Vera Fernando Alberca-del Arco Isabel García Muñoz Rocío Santos-Pérez de la Blanca Bernardo Herrera-Imbroda Elisa Matas-Rico Mª Isabel Hierro Martín |
| author_sort | Tatiana Cano Barbadilla |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background/Objectives: Bladder cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous disease, presenting clinical challenges, particularly in predicting patient outcomes and selecting effective treatments. Molecular subtyping has emerged as an essential tool for understanding the biological diversity of BC; however, its implementation in clinical practice remains limited due to the high costs and complexity of genomic techniques. This review examines the role of immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a surrogate marker for molecular subtyping in BC, highlighting its potential to bridge the gap between advanced molecular classifications and routine clinical application; Methods: We explore the evolution of taxonomic classification in BC, with a particular focus on cytokeratin (KRT) expression patterns in normal urothelium, which are key to identifying basal and luminal subtypes. Furthermore, we emphasise the need for consensus on IHC markers to reliably define these subtypes, facilitating wider and standardised clinical use. The review also analyses the application of IHC in both muscle-invasive (MIBC) and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), with particular attention to the less extensively studied NMIBC cases. We discuss the practical advantages of IHC for subtyping, including its cost effectiveness and feasibility in standard pathology laboratories, alongside ongoing challenges such as the requirement for standardised protocols and external validation across diverse clinical settings; Conclusions: While IHC has limitations, it offers a viable alternative for laboratories lacking access to advanced molecular techniques. Further research is required to determine the optimal combination of markers, establish a consensus diagnostic algorithm, and validate IHC through large-scale trials. This will ultimately enhance diagnostic accuracy, guide treatment decisions, and improve patient outcomes. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4692fc6d59e94fcf9a8e55f71a6ef080 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2075-4418 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diagnostics |
| spelling | doaj-art-4692fc6d59e94fcf9a8e55f71a6ef0802025-08-20T02:28:12ZengMDPI AGDiagnostics2075-44182024-11-011422250110.3390/diagnostics14222501The Role of Immunohistochemistry as a Surrogate Marker in Molecular Subtyping and Classification of Bladder CancerTatiana Cano Barbadilla0Martina Álvarez Pérez1Juan Daniel Prieto Cuadra2Mª Teresa Dawid de Vera3Fernando Alberca-del Arco4Isabel García Muñoz5Rocío Santos-Pérez de la Blanca6Bernardo Herrera-Imbroda7Elisa Matas-Rico8Mª Isabel Hierro Martín9Pathology Department, Juan Ramón Jiménez University Hospital (HJRJ), 21005 Huelva, SpainDepartment of Human Physiology, Human Histology, Pathology, and Sports Physical Education, University of Malaga (UMA), 29071 Málaga, SpainDepartment of Human Physiology, Human Histology, Pathology, and Sports Physical Education, University of Malaga (UMA), 29071 Málaga, SpainDepartment of Human Physiology, Human Histology, Pathology, and Sports Physical Education, University of Malaga (UMA), 29071 Málaga, SpainInstitute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, SpainDepartment of Human Physiology, Human Histology, Pathology, and Sports Physical Education, University of Malaga (UMA), 29071 Málaga, SpainInstitute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, SpainInstitute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, SpainInstitute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, SpainDepartment of Human Physiology, Human Histology, Pathology, and Sports Physical Education, University of Malaga (UMA), 29071 Málaga, SpainBackground/Objectives: Bladder cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous disease, presenting clinical challenges, particularly in predicting patient outcomes and selecting effective treatments. Molecular subtyping has emerged as an essential tool for understanding the biological diversity of BC; however, its implementation in clinical practice remains limited due to the high costs and complexity of genomic techniques. This review examines the role of immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a surrogate marker for molecular subtyping in BC, highlighting its potential to bridge the gap between advanced molecular classifications and routine clinical application; Methods: We explore the evolution of taxonomic classification in BC, with a particular focus on cytokeratin (KRT) expression patterns in normal urothelium, which are key to identifying basal and luminal subtypes. Furthermore, we emphasise the need for consensus on IHC markers to reliably define these subtypes, facilitating wider and standardised clinical use. The review also analyses the application of IHC in both muscle-invasive (MIBC) and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), with particular attention to the less extensively studied NMIBC cases. We discuss the practical advantages of IHC for subtyping, including its cost effectiveness and feasibility in standard pathology laboratories, alongside ongoing challenges such as the requirement for standardised protocols and external validation across diverse clinical settings; Conclusions: While IHC has limitations, it offers a viable alternative for laboratories lacking access to advanced molecular techniques. Further research is required to determine the optimal combination of markers, establish a consensus diagnostic algorithm, and validate IHC through large-scale trials. This will ultimately enhance diagnostic accuracy, guide treatment decisions, and improve patient outcomes.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/22/2501bladder cancerimmunohistochemistrymolecular subtypesmolecular classification |
| spellingShingle | Tatiana Cano Barbadilla Martina Álvarez Pérez Juan Daniel Prieto Cuadra Mª Teresa Dawid de Vera Fernando Alberca-del Arco Isabel García Muñoz Rocío Santos-Pérez de la Blanca Bernardo Herrera-Imbroda Elisa Matas-Rico Mª Isabel Hierro Martín The Role of Immunohistochemistry as a Surrogate Marker in Molecular Subtyping and Classification of Bladder Cancer Diagnostics bladder cancer immunohistochemistry molecular subtypes molecular classification |
| title | The Role of Immunohistochemistry as a Surrogate Marker in Molecular Subtyping and Classification of Bladder Cancer |
| title_full | The Role of Immunohistochemistry as a Surrogate Marker in Molecular Subtyping and Classification of Bladder Cancer |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Immunohistochemistry as a Surrogate Marker in Molecular Subtyping and Classification of Bladder Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Immunohistochemistry as a Surrogate Marker in Molecular Subtyping and Classification of Bladder Cancer |
| title_short | The Role of Immunohistochemistry as a Surrogate Marker in Molecular Subtyping and Classification of Bladder Cancer |
| title_sort | role of immunohistochemistry as a surrogate marker in molecular subtyping and classification of bladder cancer |
| topic | bladder cancer immunohistochemistry molecular subtypes molecular classification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/22/2501 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tatianacanobarbadilla theroleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT martinaalvarezperez theroleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT juandanielprietocuadra theroleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT materesadawiddevera theroleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT fernandoalbercadelarco theroleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT isabelgarciamunoz theroleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT rociosantosperezdelablanca theroleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT bernardoherreraimbroda theroleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT elisamatasrico theroleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT maisabelhierromartin theroleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT tatianacanobarbadilla roleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT martinaalvarezperez roleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT juandanielprietocuadra roleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT materesadawiddevera roleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT fernandoalbercadelarco roleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT isabelgarciamunoz roleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT rociosantosperezdelablanca roleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT bernardoherreraimbroda roleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT elisamatasrico roleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer AT maisabelhierromartin roleofimmunohistochemistryasasurrogatemarkerinmolecularsubtypingandclassificationofbladdercancer |