Dietary Fish Meal Level and a Package of Choline, β-Glucan, and Nucleotides Modulate Gut Function, Microbiota, and Health in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.)
Steatosis and inflammation have been common gut symptoms in Atlantic salmon fed plant rich diets. Choline has recently been identified as essential for salmon in seawater, and β-glucan and nucleotides are frequently used to prevent inflammation. The study is aimed at documenting whether increased fi...
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Wiley
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Aquaculture Nutrition |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5422035 |
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| author | Åshild Krogdahl Elvis M. Chikwati Aleksei Krasnov Anusha Dhanasiri Gerd M. Berge Violetta Aru Bekzod Khakimov Søren Balling Engelsen Hilde Vinje Trond M. Kortner |
| author_facet | Åshild Krogdahl Elvis M. Chikwati Aleksei Krasnov Anusha Dhanasiri Gerd M. Berge Violetta Aru Bekzod Khakimov Søren Balling Engelsen Hilde Vinje Trond M. Kortner |
| author_sort | Åshild Krogdahl |
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| description | Steatosis and inflammation have been common gut symptoms in Atlantic salmon fed plant rich diets. Choline has recently been identified as essential for salmon in seawater, and β-glucan and nucleotides are frequently used to prevent inflammation. The study is aimed at documenting whether increased fishmeal (FM) levels (8 levels from 0 to 40%) and supplementation (Suppl) with a mixture of choline (3.0 g/kg), β-glucan (0.5 g/kg), and nucleotides (0.5 g/kg) might reduce the symptoms. Salmon (186 g) were fed for 62 days in 16 saltwater tanks before samples were taken from 12 fish per tank for observation of biochemical, molecular, metabolome, and microbiome indicators of function and health. Steatosis but no inflammation was observed. Lipid digestibility increased and steatosis decreased with increasing FM levels and supplementation, seemingly related to choline level. Blood metabolites confirmed this picture. Genes in intestinal tissue affected by FM levels are mainly involved in metabolic and structural functions. Only a few are immune genes. The supplement reduced these FM effects. In gut digesta, increasing FM levels increased microbial richness and diversity, and changed the composition, but only for unsupplemented diets. An average choline requirement of 3.5 g/kg was indicated for Atlantic salmon at the present life stage and under the present condition. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-468ccd9acdde46168b7113036e9d76fc |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1365-2095 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Aquaculture Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj-art-468ccd9acdde46168b7113036e9d76fc2025-08-20T02:17:38ZengWileyAquaculture Nutrition1365-20952023-01-01202310.1155/2023/5422035Dietary Fish Meal Level and a Package of Choline, β-Glucan, and Nucleotides Modulate Gut Function, Microbiota, and Health in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.)Åshild Krogdahl0Elvis M. Chikwati1Aleksei Krasnov2Anusha Dhanasiri3Gerd M. Berge4Violetta Aru5Bekzod Khakimov6Søren Balling Engelsen7Hilde Vinje8Trond M. Kortner9Norwegian University of Life SciencesAquamedic ASDepartment of Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life SciencesNOFIMADepartment of Food ScienceDepartment of Food ScienceDepartment of Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesSteatosis and inflammation have been common gut symptoms in Atlantic salmon fed plant rich diets. Choline has recently been identified as essential for salmon in seawater, and β-glucan and nucleotides are frequently used to prevent inflammation. The study is aimed at documenting whether increased fishmeal (FM) levels (8 levels from 0 to 40%) and supplementation (Suppl) with a mixture of choline (3.0 g/kg), β-glucan (0.5 g/kg), and nucleotides (0.5 g/kg) might reduce the symptoms. Salmon (186 g) were fed for 62 days in 16 saltwater tanks before samples were taken from 12 fish per tank for observation of biochemical, molecular, metabolome, and microbiome indicators of function and health. Steatosis but no inflammation was observed. Lipid digestibility increased and steatosis decreased with increasing FM levels and supplementation, seemingly related to choline level. Blood metabolites confirmed this picture. Genes in intestinal tissue affected by FM levels are mainly involved in metabolic and structural functions. Only a few are immune genes. The supplement reduced these FM effects. In gut digesta, increasing FM levels increased microbial richness and diversity, and changed the composition, but only for unsupplemented diets. An average choline requirement of 3.5 g/kg was indicated for Atlantic salmon at the present life stage and under the present condition.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5422035 |
| spellingShingle | Åshild Krogdahl Elvis M. Chikwati Aleksei Krasnov Anusha Dhanasiri Gerd M. Berge Violetta Aru Bekzod Khakimov Søren Balling Engelsen Hilde Vinje Trond M. Kortner Dietary Fish Meal Level and a Package of Choline, β-Glucan, and Nucleotides Modulate Gut Function, Microbiota, and Health in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.) Aquaculture Nutrition |
| title | Dietary Fish Meal Level and a Package of Choline, β-Glucan, and Nucleotides Modulate Gut Function, Microbiota, and Health in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.) |
| title_full | Dietary Fish Meal Level and a Package of Choline, β-Glucan, and Nucleotides Modulate Gut Function, Microbiota, and Health in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.) |
| title_fullStr | Dietary Fish Meal Level and a Package of Choline, β-Glucan, and Nucleotides Modulate Gut Function, Microbiota, and Health in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dietary Fish Meal Level and a Package of Choline, β-Glucan, and Nucleotides Modulate Gut Function, Microbiota, and Health in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.) |
| title_short | Dietary Fish Meal Level and a Package of Choline, β-Glucan, and Nucleotides Modulate Gut Function, Microbiota, and Health in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.) |
| title_sort | dietary fish meal level and a package of choline β glucan and nucleotides modulate gut function microbiota and health in atlantic salmon salmo salar l |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5422035 |
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