Risk factors associated with Indian type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease: CITE study, a cross-sectional, real-world, observational study
Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide. Identifying clinical and laboratory associations with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) can help physicians target modifiable risk factors. In light of limited data from In...
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2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-025-04164-6 |
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| author | Ajay Kumar Anirban Mazumdar A. K. Bhattacharjee Arvind Gupta Arundhati Dasgupta Binayak Sinha Banshi Saboo Chitra Selvan Ghanshyam Goyal Jaganmohan Balaji Krishna G. Seshadri Kalyan K. Gangopadhyay G. Vijay Kumar Manoj Chawla Mohua Sikdar Nilakshi Deka N. K. Singh Purvi Chawla Pratap Jetwani Rajiv Kovil Samit Ghosal Subir Ray Sudip Chatterjee Sruti Chandrasekharan Sambit Das Subhajyoti Ghosh Sonali Patange Sanjay Reddy T. Surekha |
| author_facet | Ajay Kumar Anirban Mazumdar A. K. Bhattacharjee Arvind Gupta Arundhati Dasgupta Binayak Sinha Banshi Saboo Chitra Selvan Ghanshyam Goyal Jaganmohan Balaji Krishna G. Seshadri Kalyan K. Gangopadhyay G. Vijay Kumar Manoj Chawla Mohua Sikdar Nilakshi Deka N. K. Singh Purvi Chawla Pratap Jetwani Rajiv Kovil Samit Ghosal Subir Ray Sudip Chatterjee Sruti Chandrasekharan Sambit Das Subhajyoti Ghosh Sonali Patange Sanjay Reddy T. Surekha |
| author_sort | Ajay Kumar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide. Identifying clinical and laboratory associations with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) can help physicians target modifiable risk factors. In light of limited data from India, the CITE (CKD in Indian T2DM Evaluation) study was conducted. Methods The multicenter, cross-sectional CITE study included 3,325 patients from 28 centres across India over a three-month period. CKD was defined as a persistent decline in kidney function (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² for ≥ 3 months) or an elevated urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in at least two samples. Descriptive statistics summarised patient characteristics, while logistic regression analyses identified significant risk factors for CKD. Results The prevalence of CKD in T2DM was 32%, with a median patient age of 59.9 years and 60.72% having a T2DM duration > 10 years. Reduced eGFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73 m²) was associated with older age (OR: 2.47, 95% CI 2.11–2.88, P < 0.001), longer T2DM duration (OR: 2.28, 95% CI 1.77–2.93, P < 0.001), higher HbA1c (OR: 1.039, 95% CI 1.001–1.079, P = 0.046), and elevated SBP (OR: 1.005, 95% CI 1.002–1.009, P = 0.003). Macroalbuminuria (UACR > 300 mg/g) was linked to non-vegetarian diet (OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.59–2.40, P < 0.001) and tobacco use (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.17–1.73, P < 0.001). CKD increased comorbidity odds. Conclusion The CITE study highlights the prevalence of CKD (32%) in Indian patients with T2DM and identifies clinical and laboratory factors associated with CKD, including age ≥ 60 years, T2DM duration, SBP, HbA1c, tobacco use, non-vegetarian diet, and comorbidities. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these associations and evaluate causality. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-45f54346de494e008e00daad7b8c6a41 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-2369 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Nephrology |
| spelling | doaj-art-45f54346de494e008e00daad7b8c6a412025-08-20T03:48:05ZengBMCBMC Nephrology1471-23692025-05-0126111010.1186/s12882-025-04164-6Risk factors associated with Indian type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease: CITE study, a cross-sectional, real-world, observational studyAjay Kumar0Anirban Mazumdar1A. K. Bhattacharjee2Arvind Gupta3Arundhati Dasgupta4Binayak Sinha5Banshi Saboo6Chitra Selvan7Ghanshyam Goyal8Jaganmohan Balaji9Krishna G. Seshadri10Kalyan K. Gangopadhyay11G. Vijay Kumar12Manoj Chawla13Mohua Sikdar14Nilakshi Deka15N. K. Singh16Purvi Chawla17Pratap Jetwani18Rajiv Kovil19Samit Ghosal20Subir Ray21Sudip Chatterjee22Sruti Chandrasekharan23Sambit Das24Subhajyoti Ghosh25Sonali Patange26Sanjay Reddy27T. Surekha28Private ClinicKPC Medical CollegeILS HospitalRHL-Rajasthan HospitalRudraksh Superspecialist CareManipal HospitalsDiabetes Care & Hormone ClinicM.S. Ramaiah Medical CollegeILS HospitalApollo Sugar ClinicApollo HospitalPeerless Hospital & B.K. Roy Research CentreApollo HospitalLina Diabetes Care CentreApollo ClinicApollo HospitalDiabetes and Heart Research CenterLina Diabetes Care CentreJethwani Diabetes Care CenterDr Kovil’s Diabetes Care CentreNightingale HospitalApollo HospitalPark ClinicRela HospitalApollo HospitalApollo HospitalDr. Sonali Patanges Speciality Diabetes Centre (A CGMS Speciality)Centre for Diabetes & Endocrine CareMedswanAbstract Background Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide. Identifying clinical and laboratory associations with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) can help physicians target modifiable risk factors. In light of limited data from India, the CITE (CKD in Indian T2DM Evaluation) study was conducted. Methods The multicenter, cross-sectional CITE study included 3,325 patients from 28 centres across India over a three-month period. CKD was defined as a persistent decline in kidney function (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² for ≥ 3 months) or an elevated urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in at least two samples. Descriptive statistics summarised patient characteristics, while logistic regression analyses identified significant risk factors for CKD. Results The prevalence of CKD in T2DM was 32%, with a median patient age of 59.9 years and 60.72% having a T2DM duration > 10 years. Reduced eGFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73 m²) was associated with older age (OR: 2.47, 95% CI 2.11–2.88, P < 0.001), longer T2DM duration (OR: 2.28, 95% CI 1.77–2.93, P < 0.001), higher HbA1c (OR: 1.039, 95% CI 1.001–1.079, P = 0.046), and elevated SBP (OR: 1.005, 95% CI 1.002–1.009, P = 0.003). Macroalbuminuria (UACR > 300 mg/g) was linked to non-vegetarian diet (OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.59–2.40, P < 0.001) and tobacco use (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.17–1.73, P < 0.001). CKD increased comorbidity odds. Conclusion The CITE study highlights the prevalence of CKD (32%) in Indian patients with T2DM and identifies clinical and laboratory factors associated with CKD, including age ≥ 60 years, T2DM duration, SBP, HbA1c, tobacco use, non-vegetarian diet, and comorbidities. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these associations and evaluate causality.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-025-04164-6CKDT2DMCross-sectional studyLogistic regression analysis |
| spellingShingle | Ajay Kumar Anirban Mazumdar A. K. Bhattacharjee Arvind Gupta Arundhati Dasgupta Binayak Sinha Banshi Saboo Chitra Selvan Ghanshyam Goyal Jaganmohan Balaji Krishna G. Seshadri Kalyan K. Gangopadhyay G. Vijay Kumar Manoj Chawla Mohua Sikdar Nilakshi Deka N. K. Singh Purvi Chawla Pratap Jetwani Rajiv Kovil Samit Ghosal Subir Ray Sudip Chatterjee Sruti Chandrasekharan Sambit Das Subhajyoti Ghosh Sonali Patange Sanjay Reddy T. Surekha Risk factors associated with Indian type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease: CITE study, a cross-sectional, real-world, observational study BMC Nephrology CKD T2DM Cross-sectional study Logistic regression analysis |
| title | Risk factors associated with Indian type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease: CITE study, a cross-sectional, real-world, observational study |
| title_full | Risk factors associated with Indian type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease: CITE study, a cross-sectional, real-world, observational study |
| title_fullStr | Risk factors associated with Indian type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease: CITE study, a cross-sectional, real-world, observational study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk factors associated with Indian type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease: CITE study, a cross-sectional, real-world, observational study |
| title_short | Risk factors associated with Indian type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease: CITE study, a cross-sectional, real-world, observational study |
| title_sort | risk factors associated with indian type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease cite study a cross sectional real world observational study |
| topic | CKD T2DM Cross-sectional study Logistic regression analysis |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-025-04164-6 |
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