Porous hydroxyapatite – β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics produced from a rapid sol-gel process
Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) is the major inorganic component of bones, with high bioactivity and biocompatibility, and pores in the 50–200 μm range can facilitate cell anchorage and proliferation. HAp was synthesised through a rapid sol-gel method, avoiding the usual long aging pr...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-05-01
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| author | Anna Bertocco Marinélia Capela Ana P. F. Caetano Alessia Nito Alessandra Quarta Maria Paula Seabra Robert C. Pullar |
| author_facet | Anna Bertocco Marinélia Capela Ana P. F. Caetano Alessia Nito Alessandra Quarta Maria Paula Seabra Robert C. Pullar |
| author_sort | Anna Bertocco |
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| description | Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) is the major inorganic component of bones, with high bioactivity and biocompatibility, and pores in the 50–200 μm range can facilitate cell anchorage and proliferation. HAp was synthesised through a rapid sol-gel method, avoiding the usual long aging process typically required for sol-gel HAp. Acetate and nitrate precursor salts were compared, to produce bioceramics having different porosities induced via the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) pore-forming agent. 3–10 wt% H2O2 was added, and the resulting bioceramics calcined at 400 and 700 °C. Microstructure, composition, specific surface area and macro/mesoporosity were analysed, and bioactivity and cytotoxicity/biocompatibility evaluated by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) and MTT assays on MG63 osteoblast cell lines. When heated to 400 °C HAp was the only calcium phosphate phase present, but after heating to 700 °C they were a mixture of HAp and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP, Ca3(PO4)2). The bioceramics exhibit high bioactivity, crystallising HAp from SBF, and most were biocompatible, with cell viabilities of 110–139% for samples with 3 wt% H2O2 derived from nitrates, or from acetates heated to 700 °C. This is the first time that HAp-based bioceramics derived from a rapid sol-gel process have been produced with such induced porosity. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
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| spelling | doaj-art-45b3762aa8cf4574a5b37274fc5969c82025-08-20T03:10:13ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115111510.1038/s41598-025-01253-2Porous hydroxyapatite – β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics produced from a rapid sol-gel processAnna Bertocco0Marinélia Capela1Ana P. F. Caetano2Alessia Nito3Alessandra Quarta4Maria Paula Seabra5Robert C. Pullar6Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi (DSMN), Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Venezia MestreDepartment of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of AveiroDepartment of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of AveiroInstitute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTECInstitute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTECDepartment of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of AveiroDipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi (DSMN), Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Venezia MestreAbstract Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) is the major inorganic component of bones, with high bioactivity and biocompatibility, and pores in the 50–200 μm range can facilitate cell anchorage and proliferation. HAp was synthesised through a rapid sol-gel method, avoiding the usual long aging process typically required for sol-gel HAp. Acetate and nitrate precursor salts were compared, to produce bioceramics having different porosities induced via the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) pore-forming agent. 3–10 wt% H2O2 was added, and the resulting bioceramics calcined at 400 and 700 °C. Microstructure, composition, specific surface area and macro/mesoporosity were analysed, and bioactivity and cytotoxicity/biocompatibility evaluated by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) and MTT assays on MG63 osteoblast cell lines. When heated to 400 °C HAp was the only calcium phosphate phase present, but after heating to 700 °C they were a mixture of HAp and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP, Ca3(PO4)2). The bioceramics exhibit high bioactivity, crystallising HAp from SBF, and most were biocompatible, with cell viabilities of 110–139% for samples with 3 wt% H2O2 derived from nitrates, or from acetates heated to 700 °C. This is the first time that HAp-based bioceramics derived from a rapid sol-gel process have been produced with such induced porosity.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01253-2HydroxyapatiteΒ-tricalcium phosphateRapid sol-gelPorous ceramicsBioceramicsBiomaterials |
| spellingShingle | Anna Bertocco Marinélia Capela Ana P. F. Caetano Alessia Nito Alessandra Quarta Maria Paula Seabra Robert C. Pullar Porous hydroxyapatite – β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics produced from a rapid sol-gel process Scientific Reports Hydroxyapatite Β-tricalcium phosphate Rapid sol-gel Porous ceramics Bioceramics Biomaterials |
| title | Porous hydroxyapatite – β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics produced from a rapid sol-gel process |
| title_full | Porous hydroxyapatite – β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics produced from a rapid sol-gel process |
| title_fullStr | Porous hydroxyapatite – β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics produced from a rapid sol-gel process |
| title_full_unstemmed | Porous hydroxyapatite – β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics produced from a rapid sol-gel process |
| title_short | Porous hydroxyapatite – β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics produced from a rapid sol-gel process |
| title_sort | porous hydroxyapatite β tricalcium phosphate ceramics produced from a rapid sol gel process |
| topic | Hydroxyapatite Β-tricalcium phosphate Rapid sol-gel Porous ceramics Bioceramics Biomaterials |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01253-2 |
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