Salivary chemokines and growth factors in patients with ischemic stroke
Abstract Stroke is a serious health problem that affects an increasing number of people. As a result of the blockage of blood flow, tissue necrosis occurs in areas of the brain supplied by the damaged vessel, and leads to the development of inflammation. Changes that occur in the brain allow molecul...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97974-5 |
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| author | Dominika Forszt Karolina Gerreth Kamila Karpienko Anna Zalewska Katarzyna Hojan Renata Marchewka Marzena Bielas Mateusz Maciejczyk |
| author_facet | Dominika Forszt Karolina Gerreth Kamila Karpienko Anna Zalewska Katarzyna Hojan Renata Marchewka Marzena Bielas Mateusz Maciejczyk |
| author_sort | Dominika Forszt |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Stroke is a serious health problem that affects an increasing number of people. As a result of the blockage of blood flow, tissue necrosis occurs in areas of the brain supplied by the damaged vessel, and leads to the development of inflammation. Changes that occur in the brain allow molecules to enter the blood, and it has been suggested that some can also penetrate the saliva. This study is the first to assess the profile of 25 chemokines and growth factors in the saliva of stroke survivors compared to a control group. 22 stroke survivors and 22 individuals matched by age and gender were enrolled in the study. Salivary chemokines and growth factors were assessed using the multiplex ELISA method. In the unstimulated saliva of stroke patients, we demonstrated significantly higher levels of chemotactic factors (CTACK/CCL27, IL-8/CXCL8, MIG/CXCL9, MIF) and growth factors (basic FGF, G-CSF, HGF, LIF, VEGF) compared to controls. The levels of MCP-3/CCL7, eotaxin/CCL11, IP-10/CXCL10, IL-3/MCGF, and PDGF-BB were lower in the saliva of the study group. The concentration of basic FGF negatively correlated with cognitive function as measured by the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE) scale (p = 0.007 r = − 0.56), while salivary IL-3 and LIF levels positively correlated with scores on the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scale (p = 0.019 r = 0.53; p = 0.033 r = 0.47, respectively). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that salivary basic FGF, HGF, IL-3 and LIF can distinguish ischemic stroke patients from the control group with high sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, disruptions in chemokine and growth factor levels in saliva may suggest an inflammatory etiology of ischemic stroke. Salivary basic FGF, HGF, IL-3 and LIF could serve as potential biomarkers for stroke. Further research is needed to illuminate the differences in salivary inflammatory mediator profiles in stroke and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of chemokines and growth factors in clinical practice. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-459693a29ba9428b95fdea776c089dc7 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-459693a29ba9428b95fdea776c089dc72025-08-20T03:10:14ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-04-0115111610.1038/s41598-025-97974-5Salivary chemokines and growth factors in patients with ischemic strokeDominika Forszt0Karolina Gerreth1Kamila Karpienko2Anna Zalewska3Katarzyna Hojan4Renata Marchewka5Marzena Bielas6Mateusz Maciejczyk7Department of Risk Group Dentistry, Chair of Pediatric Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Risk Group Dentistry, Chair of Pediatric Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical SciencesStudents Scientific Club “Biochemistry of Civilization Diseases” at the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of BialystokExperimental Dentistry Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of BialystokDepartment of Occupational Therapy, Poznan University of Medical SciencesNeurorehabilitation Ward, Greater Poland Provincial HospitalDepartment of Family Medicine, Poznan University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of BialystokAbstract Stroke is a serious health problem that affects an increasing number of people. As a result of the blockage of blood flow, tissue necrosis occurs in areas of the brain supplied by the damaged vessel, and leads to the development of inflammation. Changes that occur in the brain allow molecules to enter the blood, and it has been suggested that some can also penetrate the saliva. This study is the first to assess the profile of 25 chemokines and growth factors in the saliva of stroke survivors compared to a control group. 22 stroke survivors and 22 individuals matched by age and gender were enrolled in the study. Salivary chemokines and growth factors were assessed using the multiplex ELISA method. In the unstimulated saliva of stroke patients, we demonstrated significantly higher levels of chemotactic factors (CTACK/CCL27, IL-8/CXCL8, MIG/CXCL9, MIF) and growth factors (basic FGF, G-CSF, HGF, LIF, VEGF) compared to controls. The levels of MCP-3/CCL7, eotaxin/CCL11, IP-10/CXCL10, IL-3/MCGF, and PDGF-BB were lower in the saliva of the study group. The concentration of basic FGF negatively correlated with cognitive function as measured by the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE) scale (p = 0.007 r = − 0.56), while salivary IL-3 and LIF levels positively correlated with scores on the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scale (p = 0.019 r = 0.53; p = 0.033 r = 0.47, respectively). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that salivary basic FGF, HGF, IL-3 and LIF can distinguish ischemic stroke patients from the control group with high sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, disruptions in chemokine and growth factor levels in saliva may suggest an inflammatory etiology of ischemic stroke. Salivary basic FGF, HGF, IL-3 and LIF could serve as potential biomarkers for stroke. Further research is needed to illuminate the differences in salivary inflammatory mediator profiles in stroke and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of chemokines and growth factors in clinical practice.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97974-5StrokeSalivaChemokinesGrowth factorsBiomarkersSalivary diagnostics |
| spellingShingle | Dominika Forszt Karolina Gerreth Kamila Karpienko Anna Zalewska Katarzyna Hojan Renata Marchewka Marzena Bielas Mateusz Maciejczyk Salivary chemokines and growth factors in patients with ischemic stroke Scientific Reports Stroke Saliva Chemokines Growth factors Biomarkers Salivary diagnostics |
| title | Salivary chemokines and growth factors in patients with ischemic stroke |
| title_full | Salivary chemokines and growth factors in patients with ischemic stroke |
| title_fullStr | Salivary chemokines and growth factors in patients with ischemic stroke |
| title_full_unstemmed | Salivary chemokines and growth factors in patients with ischemic stroke |
| title_short | Salivary chemokines and growth factors in patients with ischemic stroke |
| title_sort | salivary chemokines and growth factors in patients with ischemic stroke |
| topic | Stroke Saliva Chemokines Growth factors Biomarkers Salivary diagnostics |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97974-5 |
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