Machine learning-driven prediction of immune checkpoint inhibitor responses against cholangiocarcinoma: a bile biopsy perspective

BackgroundThe treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) continues to face numerous clinical challenges, including the prediction of sensitivity to immunotherapy and the development of preoperative diagnostic models.MethodsIn this study, we aimed to address these challenges by collecting bile samples fro...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Dengyong Zhang, Xinrui Li, Zhonglin Wang, Jingyuan Fan, Yuhang Yang, Sophia Han, Wanliang Sun, Dongdong Wang, Shuo Zhou, Zhong Liu, Shihao Chen, Yan Yang, Yan Zhu, Zheng Lu
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-06-01
Series:	Frontiers in Immunology
Subjects:	cholangiocarcinoma immune checkpoint inhibitors bile metabolomics machine learning programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy immune hot-cold index
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1614683/full
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Machine learning-driven prediction of immune checkpoint inhibitor responses against cholangiocarcinoma: a bile biopsy perspective

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