Viral Appropriation of Specificity Protein 1 (Sp1): The Role of Sp1 in Human Retro- and DNA Viruses in Promoter Activation and Beyond
Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is a highly ubiquitous transcription factor and one employed by numerous viruses to complete their life cycles. In this review, we start by summarizing the relationships between Sp1 function, DNA binding, and structural motifs. We then describe the role Sp1 plays in trans...
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/3/295 |
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| author | Kira Sviderskaia Vanessa Meier-Stephenson |
| author_facet | Kira Sviderskaia Vanessa Meier-Stephenson |
| author_sort | Kira Sviderskaia |
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| description | Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is a highly ubiquitous transcription factor and one employed by numerous viruses to complete their life cycles. In this review, we start by summarizing the relationships between Sp1 function, DNA binding, and structural motifs. We then describe the role Sp1 plays in transcriptional activation of seven viral families, composed of human retro- and DNA viruses, with a focus on key promoter regions. Additionally, we discuss pathways in common across multiple viruses, highlighting the importance of the cell regulatory role of Sp1. We also describe Sp1-related epigenetic and protein post-translational modifications during viral infection and how they relate to Sp1 binding. Finally, with these insights in mind, we comment on the potential for Sp1-targeting therapies, such as repurposing drugs currently in use in the anti-cancer realm, and what limitations such agents would have as antivirals. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-44fceaf54cc846a0b8a5bf7bf396630c |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj-art-44fceaf54cc846a0b8a5bf7bf396630c2025-08-20T01:50:02ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152025-02-0117329510.3390/v17030295Viral Appropriation of Specificity Protein 1 (Sp1): The Role of Sp1 in Human Retro- and DNA Viruses in Promoter Activation and BeyondKira Sviderskaia0Vanessa Meier-Stephenson1Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, CanadaDepartment of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, CanadaSpecificity protein 1 (Sp1) is a highly ubiquitous transcription factor and one employed by numerous viruses to complete their life cycles. In this review, we start by summarizing the relationships between Sp1 function, DNA binding, and structural motifs. We then describe the role Sp1 plays in transcriptional activation of seven viral families, composed of human retro- and DNA viruses, with a focus on key promoter regions. Additionally, we discuss pathways in common across multiple viruses, highlighting the importance of the cell regulatory role of Sp1. We also describe Sp1-related epigenetic and protein post-translational modifications during viral infection and how they relate to Sp1 binding. Finally, with these insights in mind, we comment on the potential for Sp1-targeting therapies, such as repurposing drugs currently in use in the anti-cancer realm, and what limitations such agents would have as antivirals.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/3/295specificity protein 1 (Sp1)transcription factorviral pathogenesisretrovirusesDNA viruseshost–viral interactions |
| spellingShingle | Kira Sviderskaia Vanessa Meier-Stephenson Viral Appropriation of Specificity Protein 1 (Sp1): The Role of Sp1 in Human Retro- and DNA Viruses in Promoter Activation and Beyond Viruses specificity protein 1 (Sp1) transcription factor viral pathogenesis retroviruses DNA viruses host–viral interactions |
| title | Viral Appropriation of Specificity Protein 1 (Sp1): The Role of Sp1 in Human Retro- and DNA Viruses in Promoter Activation and Beyond |
| title_full | Viral Appropriation of Specificity Protein 1 (Sp1): The Role of Sp1 in Human Retro- and DNA Viruses in Promoter Activation and Beyond |
| title_fullStr | Viral Appropriation of Specificity Protein 1 (Sp1): The Role of Sp1 in Human Retro- and DNA Viruses in Promoter Activation and Beyond |
| title_full_unstemmed | Viral Appropriation of Specificity Protein 1 (Sp1): The Role of Sp1 in Human Retro- and DNA Viruses in Promoter Activation and Beyond |
| title_short | Viral Appropriation of Specificity Protein 1 (Sp1): The Role of Sp1 in Human Retro- and DNA Viruses in Promoter Activation and Beyond |
| title_sort | viral appropriation of specificity protein 1 sp1 the role of sp1 in human retro and dna viruses in promoter activation and beyond |
| topic | specificity protein 1 (Sp1) transcription factor viral pathogenesis retroviruses DNA viruses host–viral interactions |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/3/295 |
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