Biofuel Production in Oleic Acid Hydrodeoxygenation Utilizing a Ni/Tire Rubber Carbon Catalyst and Predicting of n-Alkanes with Box–Behnken and Artificial Neural Networks
Oleic acid is a valuable molecule for biofuel production, as it is found in high proportions in vegetable oils. When used, oleic acid undergoes hydrodeoxygenation reactions and produces alkanes within the diesel range. These alkanes are free of oxygenated compounds and have molecular structures simi...
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2024-11-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/22/5717 |
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| author | Luis A. Sánchez-Olmos Manuel Sánchez-Cárdenas Fernando Trejo Martín Montes Rivera Ernesto Olvera-Gonzalez Benito Alexis Hernández Guerrero |
| author_facet | Luis A. Sánchez-Olmos Manuel Sánchez-Cárdenas Fernando Trejo Martín Montes Rivera Ernesto Olvera-Gonzalez Benito Alexis Hernández Guerrero |
| author_sort | Luis A. Sánchez-Olmos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Oleic acid is a valuable molecule for biofuel production, as it is found in high proportions in vegetable oils. When used, oleic acid undergoes hydrodeoxygenation reactions and produces alkanes within the diesel range. These alkanes are free of oxygenated compounds and have molecular structures similar to petrodiesel. Our research introduces a novel approach incorporating oleic acid into the hydrodeoxygenation process of Ni/Tire Rubber Carbon (Ni/C<sub>TR</sub>) catalysts. These catalysts produced renewable biofuels with properties similar to diesel, particularly a high concentration of n-C<sub>17</sub> alkanes. Moreover, our Ni/C<sub>TR</sub> catalyst produces n-C<sub>18</sub> alkanes, but the generation of n-C<sub>18</sub> alkanes typically requires more complex catalysts. Our procedure achieved 74.74% of n-C<sub>17</sub> alkanes and 2.28% of n-C<sub>18</sub> alkanes. We used Box–Behnken and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to find the optimal configuration based on the predicted data. We developed a dataset with pressure, temperature, metal content, reaction time, and catalyst composition variables as inputs. The output variables are the n-C<sub>17</sub> and n-C<sub>18</sub> alkanes obtained. ANN602020 was our best model for obtaining the peak response; it accurately forecasted the n-C<sub>17</sub> and n-C<sub>18</sub> generation with R2 scores of 0.9903 and 0.9525, respectively, resulting in an MSE of 0.0014, MAE of 0.02773, and MAPE of 2.03979%. The combined R<sup>2</sup> score for both alkanes was 0.97139. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-44f66fd9a09d4c16bbb97781fc0c3af2 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-44f66fd9a09d4c16bbb97781fc0c3af22025-08-20T02:08:00ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732024-11-011722571710.3390/en17225717Biofuel Production in Oleic Acid Hydrodeoxygenation Utilizing a Ni/Tire Rubber Carbon Catalyst and Predicting of n-Alkanes with Box–Behnken and Artificial Neural NetworksLuis A. Sánchez-Olmos0Manuel Sánchez-Cárdenas1Fernando Trejo2Martín Montes Rivera3Ernesto Olvera-Gonzalez4Benito Alexis Hernández Guerrero5CICATA-Legaria, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Legaria 694, Col. Irrigación, Ciudad de México 11500, MexicoCICATA-Legaria, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Legaria 694, Col. Irrigación, Ciudad de México 11500, MexicoCICATA-Legaria, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Legaria 694, Col. Irrigación, Ciudad de México 11500, MexicoDirección de Posgrados e Investigación, Universidad Politécnica de Aguascalientes, Calle Paseo San Gerardo 207, Aguascalientes 20342, MexicoLaboratorio de Iluminación Artificial, Tecnológico Nacional de México, IT de Pabellón de Arteaga, Carretera a la Estación de Rincón Km. 1, Aguascalientes 20670, MexicoCICATA-Legaria, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Legaria 694, Col. Irrigación, Ciudad de México 11500, MexicoOleic acid is a valuable molecule for biofuel production, as it is found in high proportions in vegetable oils. When used, oleic acid undergoes hydrodeoxygenation reactions and produces alkanes within the diesel range. These alkanes are free of oxygenated compounds and have molecular structures similar to petrodiesel. Our research introduces a novel approach incorporating oleic acid into the hydrodeoxygenation process of Ni/Tire Rubber Carbon (Ni/C<sub>TR</sub>) catalysts. These catalysts produced renewable biofuels with properties similar to diesel, particularly a high concentration of n-C<sub>17</sub> alkanes. Moreover, our Ni/C<sub>TR</sub> catalyst produces n-C<sub>18</sub> alkanes, but the generation of n-C<sub>18</sub> alkanes typically requires more complex catalysts. Our procedure achieved 74.74% of n-C<sub>17</sub> alkanes and 2.28% of n-C<sub>18</sub> alkanes. We used Box–Behnken and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to find the optimal configuration based on the predicted data. We developed a dataset with pressure, temperature, metal content, reaction time, and catalyst composition variables as inputs. The output variables are the n-C<sub>17</sub> and n-C<sub>18</sub> alkanes obtained. ANN602020 was our best model for obtaining the peak response; it accurately forecasted the n-C<sub>17</sub> and n-C<sub>18</sub> generation with R2 scores of 0.9903 and 0.9525, respectively, resulting in an MSE of 0.0014, MAE of 0.02773, and MAPE of 2.03979%. The combined R<sup>2</sup> score for both alkanes was 0.97139.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/22/5717renewable biofuelsNi/Tire Rubber Carbonhydrodeoxygenationartificial neural networksBox–Behnken |
| spellingShingle | Luis A. Sánchez-Olmos Manuel Sánchez-Cárdenas Fernando Trejo Martín Montes Rivera Ernesto Olvera-Gonzalez Benito Alexis Hernández Guerrero Biofuel Production in Oleic Acid Hydrodeoxygenation Utilizing a Ni/Tire Rubber Carbon Catalyst and Predicting of n-Alkanes with Box–Behnken and Artificial Neural Networks Energies renewable biofuels Ni/Tire Rubber Carbon hydrodeoxygenation artificial neural networks Box–Behnken |
| title | Biofuel Production in Oleic Acid Hydrodeoxygenation Utilizing a Ni/Tire Rubber Carbon Catalyst and Predicting of n-Alkanes with Box–Behnken and Artificial Neural Networks |
| title_full | Biofuel Production in Oleic Acid Hydrodeoxygenation Utilizing a Ni/Tire Rubber Carbon Catalyst and Predicting of n-Alkanes with Box–Behnken and Artificial Neural Networks |
| title_fullStr | Biofuel Production in Oleic Acid Hydrodeoxygenation Utilizing a Ni/Tire Rubber Carbon Catalyst and Predicting of n-Alkanes with Box–Behnken and Artificial Neural Networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biofuel Production in Oleic Acid Hydrodeoxygenation Utilizing a Ni/Tire Rubber Carbon Catalyst and Predicting of n-Alkanes with Box–Behnken and Artificial Neural Networks |
| title_short | Biofuel Production in Oleic Acid Hydrodeoxygenation Utilizing a Ni/Tire Rubber Carbon Catalyst and Predicting of n-Alkanes with Box–Behnken and Artificial Neural Networks |
| title_sort | biofuel production in oleic acid hydrodeoxygenation utilizing a ni tire rubber carbon catalyst and predicting of n alkanes with box behnken and artificial neural networks |
| topic | renewable biofuels Ni/Tire Rubber Carbon hydrodeoxygenation artificial neural networks Box–Behnken |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/22/5717 |
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