Digital Twin for a Frequency Mixer Used as a Phase Sensor
The Portuguese Institute for Quality is responsible for the realization and dissemination of the frequency standard in Portugal. There are several techniques for frequency transfer, but we use a frequency mixer to detect phase variations between two light signals with different wavelengths, travelin...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/23/7574 |
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| author | Carlos Pires Manuel Abreu Isabel Godinho Rui Agostinho João A. Sousa |
| author_facet | Carlos Pires Manuel Abreu Isabel Godinho Rui Agostinho João A. Sousa |
| author_sort | Carlos Pires |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Portuguese Institute for Quality is responsible for the realization and dissemination of the frequency standard in Portugal. There are several techniques for frequency transfer, but we use a frequency mixer to detect phase variations between two light signals with different wavelengths, traveling along an optical fibre. In this paper, we present the development of a digital twin (DT) that replicates the use of a frequency mixer to improve the frequency transfer problem. A setup was built to train and validate the technique: a frequency mixer was used to determine the phase difference between the two signals, which are caused by temperature gradients in the fibre, together with real-time temperature data from sensors placed along the fibre and on the mixer itself. The DT was trained with two machine learning algorithms, in particular, ARIMA and LSTM networks. To estimate the accuracy of the frequency mixer working as a phasemeter, several sources of uncertainty were considered and included in the DT model, with the goal of obtaining a phase value measurement and its uncertainty in real time. The JCGM 100:2008 and JCGM 101:2008 approaches were used for the estimation of the uncertainty budget. With this work, we merge DT technology with a frequency mixer used for phase detection to provide its value and uncertainty in real time. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-44aece687fb949aeb2fba643dccf88f5 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-44aece687fb949aeb2fba643dccf88f52025-08-20T01:55:27ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202024-11-012423757410.3390/s24237574Digital Twin for a Frequency Mixer Used as a Phase SensorCarlos Pires0Manuel Abreu1Isabel Godinho2Rui Agostinho3João A. Sousa4Instituto Português da Qualidade, Rua António Gião, 2, 2829-513 Caparica, PortugalPhysics Department, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto Português da Qualidade, Rua António Gião, 2, 2829-513 Caparica, PortugalPhysics Department, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto Português da Qualidade, Rua António Gião, 2, 2829-513 Caparica, PortugalThe Portuguese Institute for Quality is responsible for the realization and dissemination of the frequency standard in Portugal. There are several techniques for frequency transfer, but we use a frequency mixer to detect phase variations between two light signals with different wavelengths, traveling along an optical fibre. In this paper, we present the development of a digital twin (DT) that replicates the use of a frequency mixer to improve the frequency transfer problem. A setup was built to train and validate the technique: a frequency mixer was used to determine the phase difference between the two signals, which are caused by temperature gradients in the fibre, together with real-time temperature data from sensors placed along the fibre and on the mixer itself. The DT was trained with two machine learning algorithms, in particular, ARIMA and LSTM networks. To estimate the accuracy of the frequency mixer working as a phasemeter, several sources of uncertainty were considered and included in the DT model, with the goal of obtaining a phase value measurement and its uncertainty in real time. The JCGM 100:2008 and JCGM 101:2008 approaches were used for the estimation of the uncertainty budget. With this work, we merge DT technology with a frequency mixer used for phase detection to provide its value and uncertainty in real time.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/23/7574digital twinphase measurementsmetrologytraceabilityfrequency mixer |
| spellingShingle | Carlos Pires Manuel Abreu Isabel Godinho Rui Agostinho João A. Sousa Digital Twin for a Frequency Mixer Used as a Phase Sensor Sensors digital twin phase measurements metrology traceability frequency mixer |
| title | Digital Twin for a Frequency Mixer Used as a Phase Sensor |
| title_full | Digital Twin for a Frequency Mixer Used as a Phase Sensor |
| title_fullStr | Digital Twin for a Frequency Mixer Used as a Phase Sensor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Digital Twin for a Frequency Mixer Used as a Phase Sensor |
| title_short | Digital Twin for a Frequency Mixer Used as a Phase Sensor |
| title_sort | digital twin for a frequency mixer used as a phase sensor |
| topic | digital twin phase measurements metrology traceability frequency mixer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/23/7574 |
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