Removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from water and wastewater using acid-activated chicken bone in a batch adsorption process

Abstract Sustainable wastewater management plays a vital role in mitigating environmental concerns. In this context, the present study evaluates the efficiency of methylene blue (MB) removal using a novel H3PO4-activated chicken bone adsorbent (CBAAC) in a batch adsorption process. The optimum condi...

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Main Authors: Ghazala Muteeb, Khalid Ansari, Murat Eyvaz, Mohd Farhan, Mohammad Aatif, Dhiraj Agrawal, Mohamed El Oirdi, Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08341-3
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author Ghazala Muteeb
Khalid Ansari
Murat Eyvaz
Mohd Farhan
Mohammad Aatif
Dhiraj Agrawal
Mohamed El Oirdi
Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
author_facet Ghazala Muteeb
Khalid Ansari
Murat Eyvaz
Mohd Farhan
Mohammad Aatif
Dhiraj Agrawal
Mohamed El Oirdi
Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
author_sort Ghazala Muteeb
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Sustainable wastewater management plays a vital role in mitigating environmental concerns. In this context, the present study evaluates the efficiency of methylene blue (MB) removal using a novel H3PO4-activated chicken bone adsorbent (CBAAC) in a batch adsorption process. The optimum conditions were determined at pH 7.5, contact time between 30 and 150 min, dye concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 mg/L, and adsorbent doses of 0.15–0.75 g/100 mL methylene blue (MB) dye solution. The maximum MB removal efficiency of 92.29% was achieved using 0.6 g of adsorbent after 90 min. CBAAC composite was characterized with FE-SEM to identify morphological structure, while FT-IR spectroscopy indicates the appearance of stretching functional bond groups. Response surface methodology (RSM) optimization using a central composite design (CCD) was evaluated showing a promising regression analysis of R2 = 0.9661. The research results demonstrated a well-defined Temkin adsorption isotherm (R2 = 0.9804), with a capacity for adsorption of 49.56 mg/g, closely followed by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9997). The process was thermodynamically spontaneous and exothermic. A comprehensive Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) dealing with ten important parameters that resulted in the lowest global warming of 1.531 (kg CO2-eq.) and 5.047 MJ/kg, highlights the sustainable and effective use of CBAAC for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater.
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spelling doaj-art-446be3a8ec06498e8c81759de951ae8a2025-08-20T04:01:24ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115112310.1038/s41598-025-08341-3Removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from water and wastewater using acid-activated chicken bone in a batch adsorption processGhazala Muteeb0Khalid Ansari1Murat Eyvaz2Mohd Farhan3Mohammad Aatif4Dhiraj Agrawal5Mohamed El Oirdi6Mohammad Hadi Dehghani7Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal UniversityDepartment of Civil Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical UniversityDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal UniversityDepartment of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal UniversityDepartment of Civil Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of EngineeringDepartment of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year, King Faisal UniversityDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical SciencesAbstract Sustainable wastewater management plays a vital role in mitigating environmental concerns. In this context, the present study evaluates the efficiency of methylene blue (MB) removal using a novel H3PO4-activated chicken bone adsorbent (CBAAC) in a batch adsorption process. The optimum conditions were determined at pH 7.5, contact time between 30 and 150 min, dye concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 mg/L, and adsorbent doses of 0.15–0.75 g/100 mL methylene blue (MB) dye solution. The maximum MB removal efficiency of 92.29% was achieved using 0.6 g of adsorbent after 90 min. CBAAC composite was characterized with FE-SEM to identify morphological structure, while FT-IR spectroscopy indicates the appearance of stretching functional bond groups. Response surface methodology (RSM) optimization using a central composite design (CCD) was evaluated showing a promising regression analysis of R2 = 0.9661. The research results demonstrated a well-defined Temkin adsorption isotherm (R2 = 0.9804), with a capacity for adsorption of 49.56 mg/g, closely followed by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9997). The process was thermodynamically spontaneous and exothermic. A comprehensive Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) dealing with ten important parameters that resulted in the lowest global warming of 1.531 (kg CO2-eq.) and 5.047 MJ/kg, highlights the sustainable and effective use of CBAAC for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08341-3Methylene blue dyeActivated chicken boneOptimizationLife cycle analysisWastewater managementGlobal warming
spellingShingle Ghazala Muteeb
Khalid Ansari
Murat Eyvaz
Mohd Farhan
Mohammad Aatif
Dhiraj Agrawal
Mohamed El Oirdi
Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
Removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from water and wastewater using acid-activated chicken bone in a batch adsorption process
Scientific Reports
Methylene blue dye
Activated chicken bone
Optimization
Life cycle analysis
Wastewater management
Global warming
title Removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from water and wastewater using acid-activated chicken bone in a batch adsorption process
title_full Removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from water and wastewater using acid-activated chicken bone in a batch adsorption process
title_fullStr Removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from water and wastewater using acid-activated chicken bone in a batch adsorption process
title_full_unstemmed Removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from water and wastewater using acid-activated chicken bone in a batch adsorption process
title_short Removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from water and wastewater using acid-activated chicken bone in a batch adsorption process
title_sort removal of methylene blue mb dye from water and wastewater using acid activated chicken bone in a batch adsorption process
topic Methylene blue dye
Activated chicken bone
Optimization
Life cycle analysis
Wastewater management
Global warming
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08341-3
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