Ironmaking and steelmaking process research on Chinese long ring pommel Dao in Han dynasty
Abstract The long ring pommel Dao (a kind of single-edged blade), a significant indigenous Chinese weaponry innovation of the Western Han Dynasty, is researched this study. Employing a comparative research methodology, we conduct a scientific analysis of samples excavated from the tombs of marquisat...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92785-0 |
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| author | Shen-yang Song Wei Qian Xin-tong Lu Mo-kun Shan |
| author_facet | Shen-yang Song Wei Qian Xin-tong Lu Mo-kun Shan |
| author_sort | Shen-yang Song |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The long ring pommel Dao (a kind of single-edged blade), a significant indigenous Chinese weaponry innovation of the Western Han Dynasty, is researched this study. Employing a comparative research methodology, we conduct a scientific analysis of samples excavated from the tombs of marquisates across various regions of China, spanning from the northern to the southern extremities. This analysis encompasses metallographic examination, inclusion composition analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), complemented by the application of a metallurgical kinetic model to reconstruct key smelting operations. The semifinished materials of the long ring pommel Dao are sourced from two primary origins: bloomery carburized steel and cast iron-puddling joint decarburization steel (cast iron-Chaogang steel). Both pathways exhibit a predominance of FeOx·SiO2y oxide inclusions. Our investigation particularly emphasizes the Fe2SiO4 inclusions, which have a melting point of 1178℃. By leveraging the length/width ratio of Fe2SiO4 inclusions, we can ascertain whether the smelting process involved an all-liquid phase. Notably, the length/width ratio of Fe2SiO4 inclusions in the cast iron-puddling joint process exceeded 5. Additionally, our findings reveal that during the cast iron-puddling joint decarburization process, when the forging temperature falls below 880℃, the mesh-like Fe2SiO4 inclusions undergo fragmentation. This phenomenon provides crucial insights into the forging system of the Han Dynasty, facilitating a more detailed reconstruction of its metallurgical practices. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4463070d13fc4a5ca465061ec63b9f48 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| spelling | doaj-art-4463070d13fc4a5ca465061ec63b9f482025-08-20T03:02:19ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-03-0115111210.1038/s41598-025-92785-0Ironmaking and steelmaking process research on Chinese long ring pommel Dao in Han dynastyShen-yang Song0Wei Qian1Xin-tong Lu2Mo-kun Shan3Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology BeijingInstitute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology BeijingInstitute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology BeijingInstitute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology BeijingAbstract The long ring pommel Dao (a kind of single-edged blade), a significant indigenous Chinese weaponry innovation of the Western Han Dynasty, is researched this study. Employing a comparative research methodology, we conduct a scientific analysis of samples excavated from the tombs of marquisates across various regions of China, spanning from the northern to the southern extremities. This analysis encompasses metallographic examination, inclusion composition analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), complemented by the application of a metallurgical kinetic model to reconstruct key smelting operations. The semifinished materials of the long ring pommel Dao are sourced from two primary origins: bloomery carburized steel and cast iron-puddling joint decarburization steel (cast iron-Chaogang steel). Both pathways exhibit a predominance of FeOx·SiO2y oxide inclusions. Our investigation particularly emphasizes the Fe2SiO4 inclusions, which have a melting point of 1178℃. By leveraging the length/width ratio of Fe2SiO4 inclusions, we can ascertain whether the smelting process involved an all-liquid phase. Notably, the length/width ratio of Fe2SiO4 inclusions in the cast iron-puddling joint process exceeded 5. Additionally, our findings reveal that during the cast iron-puddling joint decarburization process, when the forging temperature falls below 880℃, the mesh-like Fe2SiO4 inclusions undergo fragmentation. This phenomenon provides crucial insights into the forging system of the Han Dynasty, facilitating a more detailed reconstruction of its metallurgical practices.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92785-0Long ring-pommel DaoFe2SiO4 inclusionIronmaking & steelmaking |
| spellingShingle | Shen-yang Song Wei Qian Xin-tong Lu Mo-kun Shan Ironmaking and steelmaking process research on Chinese long ring pommel Dao in Han dynasty Scientific Reports Long ring-pommel Dao Fe2SiO4 inclusion Ironmaking & steelmaking |
| title | Ironmaking and steelmaking process research on Chinese long ring pommel Dao in Han dynasty |
| title_full | Ironmaking and steelmaking process research on Chinese long ring pommel Dao in Han dynasty |
| title_fullStr | Ironmaking and steelmaking process research on Chinese long ring pommel Dao in Han dynasty |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ironmaking and steelmaking process research on Chinese long ring pommel Dao in Han dynasty |
| title_short | Ironmaking and steelmaking process research on Chinese long ring pommel Dao in Han dynasty |
| title_sort | ironmaking and steelmaking process research on chinese long ring pommel dao in han dynasty |
| topic | Long ring-pommel Dao Fe2SiO4 inclusion Ironmaking & steelmaking |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92785-0 |
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