Unveiling intra-urban complexity and identifying urban cores through the lens of living structure using point-of-interest data

The intra-urban space is essentially an organized structure of complexity that consists of centers at different hierarchical levels or scales. This kind of complexity can be measured from the perspective of living structure inspired by Christopher Alexander’s organic view of space. Previous studies...

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Main Authors: Zheng Ren, Ding Ma, Bin Jiang, Stefan Seipel
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-07-01
Series:Geo-spatial Information Science
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10095020.2025.2525494
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author Zheng Ren
Ding Ma
Bin Jiang
Stefan Seipel
author_facet Zheng Ren
Ding Ma
Bin Jiang
Stefan Seipel
author_sort Zheng Ren
collection DOAJ
description The intra-urban space is essentially an organized structure of complexity that consists of centers at different hierarchical levels or scales. This kind of complexity can be measured from the perspective of living structure inspired by Christopher Alexander’s organic view of space. Previous studies have revealed that the living structure can be used to characterize the structural complexity of photos, satellite images and urban systems. However, its potential to measure intra-urban complexity using massive point-based datasets remains underexplored. This study introduces a recursive method to analyze intra-urban complexity using massive point-of-interest (POI) data. By recursively decomposing urban substructures, we quantified structural complexity based on the livingness of substructures using a unified criterion. Our findings indicate that cities or intra-urban areas with higher livingness exhibit greater structural complexity. The resulting substructures exhibit power-law distributions and align closely with human activity patterns across multiple spatial scales in four large cities in China. Remarkably, intra-urban structures can be effectively understood with no more than four levels of recursive decomposition. Furthermore, we found that the urban centers or core areas can be effectively located using the proposed method. These insights underscore the potential of living structure as a framework for understanding and measuring the organized complexity of intra-urban spaces.
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spelling doaj-art-442d0abdb3614e08a3e73806d12e51872025-08-20T02:39:22ZengTaylor & Francis GroupGeo-spatial Information Science1009-50201993-51532025-07-0111610.1080/10095020.2025.2525494Unveiling intra-urban complexity and identifying urban cores through the lens of living structure using point-of-interest dataZheng Ren0Ding Ma1Bin Jiang2Stefan Seipel3Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of Gävle, Gävle, SwedenSchool of Architecture and Urban Planning & State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Shenzhen University & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Shenzhen, ChinaThrust of Urban Governance and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Society Hub, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of Gävle, Gävle, SwedenThe intra-urban space is essentially an organized structure of complexity that consists of centers at different hierarchical levels or scales. This kind of complexity can be measured from the perspective of living structure inspired by Christopher Alexander’s organic view of space. Previous studies have revealed that the living structure can be used to characterize the structural complexity of photos, satellite images and urban systems. However, its potential to measure intra-urban complexity using massive point-based datasets remains underexplored. This study introduces a recursive method to analyze intra-urban complexity using massive point-of-interest (POI) data. By recursively decomposing urban substructures, we quantified structural complexity based on the livingness of substructures using a unified criterion. Our findings indicate that cities or intra-urban areas with higher livingness exhibit greater structural complexity. The resulting substructures exhibit power-law distributions and align closely with human activity patterns across multiple spatial scales in four large cities in China. Remarkably, intra-urban structures can be effectively understood with no more than four levels of recursive decomposition. Furthermore, we found that the urban centers or core areas can be effectively located using the proposed method. These insights underscore the potential of living structure as a framework for understanding and measuring the organized complexity of intra-urban spaces.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10095020.2025.2525494Urban complexityliving structureintra-urban structurepower lawpoint-of-interest (POI) data
spellingShingle Zheng Ren
Ding Ma
Bin Jiang
Stefan Seipel
Unveiling intra-urban complexity and identifying urban cores through the lens of living structure using point-of-interest data
Geo-spatial Information Science
Urban complexity
living structure
intra-urban structure
power law
point-of-interest (POI) data
title Unveiling intra-urban complexity and identifying urban cores through the lens of living structure using point-of-interest data
title_full Unveiling intra-urban complexity and identifying urban cores through the lens of living structure using point-of-interest data
title_fullStr Unveiling intra-urban complexity and identifying urban cores through the lens of living structure using point-of-interest data
title_full_unstemmed Unveiling intra-urban complexity and identifying urban cores through the lens of living structure using point-of-interest data
title_short Unveiling intra-urban complexity and identifying urban cores through the lens of living structure using point-of-interest data
title_sort unveiling intra urban complexity and identifying urban cores through the lens of living structure using point of interest data
topic Urban complexity
living structure
intra-urban structure
power law
point-of-interest (POI) data
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10095020.2025.2525494
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