Human and animal models for studying hemorrhagic shock
Abstract Background Studying the physiological response to severe hemorrhage remains challenging in real-world patients. Animal and human models mitigate some of the challenges by facilitating controlled studies on hemorrhagic shock. Here, we comment on existing and future hemorrhagic shock models....
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-025-01434-y |
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| author | Sole Lindvåg Lie Ingrid Nygren Rognes |
| author_facet | Sole Lindvåg Lie Ingrid Nygren Rognes |
| author_sort | Sole Lindvåg Lie |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Studying the physiological response to severe hemorrhage remains challenging in real-world patients. Animal and human models mitigate some of the challenges by facilitating controlled studies on hemorrhagic shock. Here, we comment on existing and future hemorrhagic shock models. Models for studying hemorrhagic shock While small animal models are cost-effective and suited for proof-of-concept studies, large animal models provide better translational relevance as they are physiologically and anatomically more comparable to humans. Experimental models in healthy volunteers– and specifically the lower body negative pressure model– offer a human model to study early hemodynamic responses to simulated hemorrhage, though limited in severity and lack of tissue injury. Conclusions Animal and human models are valuable in studying the physiological response to hemorrhage. Acknowledging their respective limitations, a triangulated approach can enhance our overall understanding of hemorrhagic shock. In the future, we expect artificial intelligence, machine learning and computer-based simulation models to complement existing research models. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4413dd78d8dd49138cca543887c8e1d7 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1757-7241 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-4413dd78d8dd49138cca543887c8e1d72025-08-20T03:05:57ZengBMCScandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine1757-72412025-07-013311310.1186/s13049-025-01434-yHuman and animal models for studying hemorrhagic shockSole Lindvåg Lie0Ingrid Nygren Rognes1Department of Research and Development, Norwegian Air Ambulance FoundationDepartment of Research and Development, Norwegian Air Ambulance FoundationAbstract Background Studying the physiological response to severe hemorrhage remains challenging in real-world patients. Animal and human models mitigate some of the challenges by facilitating controlled studies on hemorrhagic shock. Here, we comment on existing and future hemorrhagic shock models. Models for studying hemorrhagic shock While small animal models are cost-effective and suited for proof-of-concept studies, large animal models provide better translational relevance as they are physiologically and anatomically more comparable to humans. Experimental models in healthy volunteers– and specifically the lower body negative pressure model– offer a human model to study early hemodynamic responses to simulated hemorrhage, though limited in severity and lack of tissue injury. Conclusions Animal and human models are valuable in studying the physiological response to hemorrhage. Acknowledging their respective limitations, a triangulated approach can enhance our overall understanding of hemorrhagic shock. In the future, we expect artificial intelligence, machine learning and computer-based simulation models to complement existing research models.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-025-01434-yHemorrhageHemorrhagic shockAnimal modelsTraumaLower body negative pressure |
| spellingShingle | Sole Lindvåg Lie Ingrid Nygren Rognes Human and animal models for studying hemorrhagic shock Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine Hemorrhage Hemorrhagic shock Animal models Trauma Lower body negative pressure |
| title | Human and animal models for studying hemorrhagic shock |
| title_full | Human and animal models for studying hemorrhagic shock |
| title_fullStr | Human and animal models for studying hemorrhagic shock |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human and animal models for studying hemorrhagic shock |
| title_short | Human and animal models for studying hemorrhagic shock |
| title_sort | human and animal models for studying hemorrhagic shock |
| topic | Hemorrhage Hemorrhagic shock Animal models Trauma Lower body negative pressure |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-025-01434-y |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT solelindvaglie humanandanimalmodelsforstudyinghemorrhagicshock AT ingridnygrenrognes humanandanimalmodelsforstudyinghemorrhagicshock |