Comparative In-Depth Investigation of Benchmark Graphene Oxides in the Perspective of Their Integration into Industrial Production Processes

The incorporation of commercial graphene oxide (GO) into composites offers significant improvements in mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, making it a promising material for industrial applications. This study presents a comprehensive characterization analysis of five commercial GOs, usi...

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Main Authors: Georgios N. Mathioudakis, Glykeria A. Visvini, Labrini Sygellou, Amaia Soto Beobide, George A. Voyiatzis
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Nanomaterials
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/13/980
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author Georgios N. Mathioudakis
Glykeria A. Visvini
Labrini Sygellou
Amaia Soto Beobide
George A. Voyiatzis
author_facet Georgios N. Mathioudakis
Glykeria A. Visvini
Labrini Sygellou
Amaia Soto Beobide
George A. Voyiatzis
author_sort Georgios N. Mathioudakis
collection DOAJ
description The incorporation of commercial graphene oxide (GO) into composites offers significant improvements in mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, making it a promising material for industrial applications. This study presents a comprehensive characterization analysis of five commercial GOs, using advanced techniques to evaluate their structural, chemical, and especially their behavior when submitted to thermal treatment. The aim is to enable the use of GO in industrial processes of particular technological importance, where its thermal stability/integrity is required, such as in polymer composites, electronic and energy storage devices, among others. Raman spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance–Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy are employed to examine the structural defects and functional groups of GOs, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) provides insight into the crystallinity and interlayer spacing. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) assesses the thermal stability, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) offers detailed information on the surface chemistry and relevant elemental composition of GOs. Additionally, the temperature-dependent behavior of GOs is explored through temperature-dependent XRD and IR measurements to investigate the thermal expansion and functional group stability. The study highlights the critical role of oxygen-containing groups—such as epoxides, hydroxyls, and carboxyls—while variations in the type and concentration of these functional groups across commercial GOs could influence the compatibility and performance of nanocomposites. This research attempts to fill to some extent the gap in understanding how the unique properties of different commercial GOs can be strategically applied to meet specific industrial performance requirements, such as barrier properties, transport efficiency, or mechanical strength, among others.
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spelling doaj-art-4403c1b87b874eeda617aada7aa60bfb2025-08-20T03:50:21ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912025-06-01151398010.3390/nano15130980Comparative In-Depth Investigation of Benchmark Graphene Oxides in the Perspective of Their Integration into Industrial Production ProcessesGeorgios N. Mathioudakis0Glykeria A. Visvini1Labrini Sygellou2Amaia Soto Beobide3George A. Voyiatzis4Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Stadiou Str., GR-26504 Rio-Patras, GreeceFoundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Stadiou Str., GR-26504 Rio-Patras, GreeceFoundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Stadiou Str., GR-26504 Rio-Patras, GreeceFoundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Stadiou Str., GR-26504 Rio-Patras, GreeceFoundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Stadiou Str., GR-26504 Rio-Patras, GreeceThe incorporation of commercial graphene oxide (GO) into composites offers significant improvements in mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, making it a promising material for industrial applications. This study presents a comprehensive characterization analysis of five commercial GOs, using advanced techniques to evaluate their structural, chemical, and especially their behavior when submitted to thermal treatment. The aim is to enable the use of GO in industrial processes of particular technological importance, where its thermal stability/integrity is required, such as in polymer composites, electronic and energy storage devices, among others. Raman spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance–Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy are employed to examine the structural defects and functional groups of GOs, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) provides insight into the crystallinity and interlayer spacing. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) assesses the thermal stability, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) offers detailed information on the surface chemistry and relevant elemental composition of GOs. Additionally, the temperature-dependent behavior of GOs is explored through temperature-dependent XRD and IR measurements to investigate the thermal expansion and functional group stability. The study highlights the critical role of oxygen-containing groups—such as epoxides, hydroxyls, and carboxyls—while variations in the type and concentration of these functional groups across commercial GOs could influence the compatibility and performance of nanocomposites. This research attempts to fill to some extent the gap in understanding how the unique properties of different commercial GOs can be strategically applied to meet specific industrial performance requirements, such as barrier properties, transport efficiency, or mechanical strength, among others.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/13/980graphene oxidecharacterizationphysicochemical propertiesstandardizationthermal stabilityindustry
spellingShingle Georgios N. Mathioudakis
Glykeria A. Visvini
Labrini Sygellou
Amaia Soto Beobide
George A. Voyiatzis
Comparative In-Depth Investigation of Benchmark Graphene Oxides in the Perspective of Their Integration into Industrial Production Processes
Nanomaterials
graphene oxide
characterization
physicochemical properties
standardization
thermal stability
industry
title Comparative In-Depth Investigation of Benchmark Graphene Oxides in the Perspective of Their Integration into Industrial Production Processes
title_full Comparative In-Depth Investigation of Benchmark Graphene Oxides in the Perspective of Their Integration into Industrial Production Processes
title_fullStr Comparative In-Depth Investigation of Benchmark Graphene Oxides in the Perspective of Their Integration into Industrial Production Processes
title_full_unstemmed Comparative In-Depth Investigation of Benchmark Graphene Oxides in the Perspective of Their Integration into Industrial Production Processes
title_short Comparative In-Depth Investigation of Benchmark Graphene Oxides in the Perspective of Their Integration into Industrial Production Processes
title_sort comparative in depth investigation of benchmark graphene oxides in the perspective of their integration into industrial production processes
topic graphene oxide
characterization
physicochemical properties
standardization
thermal stability
industry
url https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/13/980
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