The Hubble Space Telescope Survey of M31 Satellite Galaxies. IV. Survey Overview and Lifetime Star Formation Histories
From >1000 orbits of HST imaging, we present deep homogeneous resolved star color–magnitude diagrams that reach the oldest main-sequence turnoff and uniformly measured star formation histories (SFHs) of 36 dwarf galaxies (−6 ≥ M _V ≥ −17) associated with the M31 halo, and for 10 additional fields...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Alessandro Savino Daniel R. Weisz Andrew E. Dolphin Meredith J. Durbin Nitya Kallivayalil Andrew Wetzel Jay Anderson Gurtina Besla Michael Boylan-Kolchin Thomas M. Brown James S. Bullock Andrew A. Cole Michelle L. M. Collins M. C. Cooper Alis J. Deason Aaron L. Dotter Mark Fardal Annette M. N. Ferguson Tobias K. Fritz Marla C. Geha Karoline M. Gilbert Puragra Guhathakurta Rodrigo Ibata Michael J. Irwin Myoungwon Jeon Evan N. Kirby Geraint F. Lewis Dougal Mackey Steven R. Majewski Nicolas Martin Alan McConnachie Ekta Patel R. Michael Rich Evan D. Skillman Joshua D. Simon Sangmo Tony Sohn Erik J. Tollerud Roeland P. van der Marel |
| author_facet | Alessandro Savino Daniel R. Weisz Andrew E. Dolphin Meredith J. Durbin Nitya Kallivayalil Andrew Wetzel Jay Anderson Gurtina Besla Michael Boylan-Kolchin Thomas M. Brown James S. Bullock Andrew A. Cole Michelle L. M. Collins M. C. Cooper Alis J. Deason Aaron L. Dotter Mark Fardal Annette M. N. Ferguson Tobias K. Fritz Marla C. Geha Karoline M. Gilbert Puragra Guhathakurta Rodrigo Ibata Michael J. Irwin Myoungwon Jeon Evan N. Kirby Geraint F. Lewis Dougal Mackey Steven R. Majewski Nicolas Martin Alan McConnachie Ekta Patel R. Michael Rich Evan D. Skillman Joshua D. Simon Sangmo Tony Sohn Erik J. Tollerud Roeland P. van der Marel |
| author_sort | Alessandro Savino |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | From >1000 orbits of HST imaging, we present deep homogeneous resolved star color–magnitude diagrams that reach the oldest main-sequence turnoff and uniformly measured star formation histories (SFHs) of 36 dwarf galaxies (−6 ≥ M _V ≥ −17) associated with the M31 halo, and for 10 additional fields in M31, M33, and the Giant Stellar Stream. From our SFHs, we find: (i) The median stellar age and quenching epoch of M31 satellites correlate with galaxy luminosity and galactocentric distance. Satellite luminosity and present-day distance from M31 predict the satellite quenching epoch to within 1.8 Gyr at all epochs. This tight relationship highlights the fundamental connection between satellite halo mass, environmental history, and star formation duration. (ii) There is no difference between the median SFH of galaxies on and off the great plane of Andromeda satellites. (iii) ~50% of our M31 satellites show prominent ancient star formation (>12 Gyr ago) followed by delayed quenching (8–10 Gyr ago), which is not commonly observed among the MW satellites. (iv) A comparison with TNG50 and FIRE-2 simulated satellite dwarfs around M31-like hosts shows that some of these trends (dependence of SFH on satellite luminosity) are reproduced in the simulations while others (dependence of SFH on galactocentric distance, presence of the delayed-quenching population) are weaker or absent. We provide all photometric catalogs and SFHs as High-Level Science Products on MAST. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-43dd19d80db24a658811c1652eec035c |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-43dd19d80db24a658811c1652eec035c2025-02-05T14:39:35ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01979220510.3847/1538-4357/ada24fThe Hubble Space Telescope Survey of M31 Satellite Galaxies. IV. Survey Overview and Lifetime Star Formation HistoriesAlessandro Savino0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-4877Daniel R. Weisz1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6442-6030Andrew E. Dolphin2Meredith J. Durbin3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-9815Nitya Kallivayalil4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3204-1742Andrew Wetzel5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0603-8942Jay Anderson6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2861-3995Gurtina Besla7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0715-2173Michael Boylan-Kolchin8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9604-343XThomas M. Brown9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1793-9968James S. Bullock10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4298-5082Andrew A. Cole11https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0303-3855Michelle L. M. Collins12https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1693-3265M. C. Cooper13https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1371-6019Alis J. Deason14https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6146-2645Aaron L. Dotter15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-5700Mark Fardal16https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-3788Annette M. N. Ferguson17https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7934-1278Tobias K. Fritz18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3122-300XMarla C. Geha19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7007-9725Karoline M. Gilbert20https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0394-8377Puragra Guhathakurta21https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8867-4234Rodrigo Ibata22https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3292-9709Michael J. Irwin23https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2191-9038Myoungwon Jeon24https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6529-9777Evan N. Kirby25https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6196-5162Geraint F. Lewis26https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3081-9319Dougal Mackey27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6529-8093Steven R. Majewski28https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2025-3147Nicolas Martin29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1349-202XAlan McConnachie30https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4666-6564Ekta Patel31https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9820-1219R. Michael Rich32https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0427-8387Evan D. Skillman33https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0605-8732Joshua D. Simon34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4733-4994Sangmo Tony Sohn35https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8368-0221Erik J. Tollerud36https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9599-310XRoeland P. van der Marel37https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7827-7825Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA ; asavino@berkeley.eduDepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA ; asavino@berkeley.eduRaytheon , 1151 E. Hermans Road, Tucson, AZ 85756, USA; Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA ; asavino@berkeley.eduDepartment of Astronomy, University of Virginia , 530 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, CA 95616, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USADepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , 2515 Speedway, Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697, USASchool of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 37, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaPhysics Department, University of Surrey , Guildford GU2 7XH, UKDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697, USAInstitute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE, UKDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College , 6127 Wilder Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, USAEureka Scientific , 2452 Delmer Street, Suite 100, Oakland, CA 96402, USAInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UKSchool of Data Science, University of Virginia , 1919 Ivy Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USADepartment of Astronomy, Yale University , New Haven, CT 06520, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; The William H. Miller III Department of Physics & Astronomy, Bloomberg Center for Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAUCO/Lick Observatory, Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California Santa Cruz , 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USAObservatoire de Strasbourg , 11, rue de l’Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, FranceInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HA, UKSchool of Space Research, Kyung Hee University , 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN 46556, USASydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, A28, The University of Sydney , NSW 2006, AustraliaResearch School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University , Canberra 2611, ACT, AustraliaDepartment of Astronomy, University of Virginia , 530 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USAUniversité de Strasbourg , CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyNRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics , 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, CanadaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah , 115 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA , 430 Portola Plaza, Box 951547, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547, USAUniversity of Minnesota , Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, 116 Church Street, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAObservatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science , 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Dept. of Astronomy & Space Science, Kyung Hee University , Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of KoreaSpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Center for Astrophysical Sciences, The William H. Miller III Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD 21218, USAFrom >1000 orbits of HST imaging, we present deep homogeneous resolved star color–magnitude diagrams that reach the oldest main-sequence turnoff and uniformly measured star formation histories (SFHs) of 36 dwarf galaxies (−6 ≥ M _V ≥ −17) associated with the M31 halo, and for 10 additional fields in M31, M33, and the Giant Stellar Stream. From our SFHs, we find: (i) The median stellar age and quenching epoch of M31 satellites correlate with galaxy luminosity and galactocentric distance. Satellite luminosity and present-day distance from M31 predict the satellite quenching epoch to within 1.8 Gyr at all epochs. This tight relationship highlights the fundamental connection between satellite halo mass, environmental history, and star formation duration. (ii) There is no difference between the median SFH of galaxies on and off the great plane of Andromeda satellites. (iii) ~50% of our M31 satellites show prominent ancient star formation (>12 Gyr ago) followed by delayed quenching (8–10 Gyr ago), which is not commonly observed among the MW satellites. (iv) A comparison with TNG50 and FIRE-2 simulated satellite dwarfs around M31-like hosts shows that some of these trends (dependence of SFH on satellite luminosity) are reproduced in the simulations while others (dependence of SFH on galactocentric distance, presence of the delayed-quenching population) are weaker or absent. We provide all photometric catalogs and SFHs as High-Level Science Products on MAST.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ada24fAndromeda GalaxyHertzsprung Russell diagramDwarf galaxiesGalaxy evolutionGalaxy quenching |
| spellingShingle | Alessandro Savino Daniel R. Weisz Andrew E. Dolphin Meredith J. Durbin Nitya Kallivayalil Andrew Wetzel Jay Anderson Gurtina Besla Michael Boylan-Kolchin Thomas M. Brown James S. Bullock Andrew A. Cole Michelle L. M. Collins M. C. Cooper Alis J. Deason Aaron L. Dotter Mark Fardal Annette M. N. Ferguson Tobias K. Fritz Marla C. Geha Karoline M. Gilbert Puragra Guhathakurta Rodrigo Ibata Michael J. Irwin Myoungwon Jeon Evan N. Kirby Geraint F. Lewis Dougal Mackey Steven R. Majewski Nicolas Martin Alan McConnachie Ekta Patel R. Michael Rich Evan D. Skillman Joshua D. Simon Sangmo Tony Sohn Erik J. Tollerud Roeland P. van der Marel The Hubble Space Telescope Survey of M31 Satellite Galaxies. IV. Survey Overview and Lifetime Star Formation Histories The Astrophysical Journal Andromeda Galaxy Hertzsprung Russell diagram Dwarf galaxies Galaxy evolution Galaxy quenching |
| title | The Hubble Space Telescope Survey of M31 Satellite Galaxies. IV. Survey Overview and Lifetime Star Formation Histories |
| title_full | The Hubble Space Telescope Survey of M31 Satellite Galaxies. IV. Survey Overview and Lifetime Star Formation Histories |
| title_fullStr | The Hubble Space Telescope Survey of M31 Satellite Galaxies. IV. Survey Overview and Lifetime Star Formation Histories |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Hubble Space Telescope Survey of M31 Satellite Galaxies. IV. Survey Overview and Lifetime Star Formation Histories |
| title_short | The Hubble Space Telescope Survey of M31 Satellite Galaxies. IV. Survey Overview and Lifetime Star Formation Histories |
| title_sort | hubble space telescope survey of m31 satellite galaxies iv survey overview and lifetime star formation histories |
| topic | Andromeda Galaxy Hertzsprung Russell diagram Dwarf galaxies Galaxy evolution Galaxy quenching |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ada24f |
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