Viability of Substituting Handheld Metal Detectors with an Airborne Metal Detection System for Landmine and Unexploded Ordnance Detection

Commonly found landmines, such as the TM-62M, MON-100, and PDM-1, in the recent Russia–Ukraine war confirm the continued use of metals in munitions. Traditional demining techniques, primarily relying on handheld metal detectors and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems, remain state of the art for...

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Main Authors: Sagar Lekhak, Emmett J. Ientilucci, Anthony Wayne Brinkley
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-12-01
Series:Remote Sensing
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4732
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author Sagar Lekhak
Emmett J. Ientilucci
Anthony Wayne Brinkley
author_facet Sagar Lekhak
Emmett J. Ientilucci
Anthony Wayne Brinkley
author_sort Sagar Lekhak
collection DOAJ
description Commonly found landmines, such as the TM-62M, MON-100, and PDM-1, in the recent Russia–Ukraine war confirm the continued use of metals in munitions. Traditional demining techniques, primarily relying on handheld metal detectors and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems, remain state of the art for subsurface detection. However, manual demining with handheld metal detectors can be slow and pose significant risks to operators. Drone-based metal detection techniques offer promising solutions for rapid and effective landmine detection, but their reliability and accuracy remain a concern, as even a single missed detection can be life-threatening. This study evaluates the potential of an airborne metal detection system as an alternative to traditional handheld detectors. A comparative analysis of three distinct metal detectors for landmine detection is presented: the EM61Lite, a sensitive airborne metal detection system (tested in a pseudo-drone-based scenario); the CTX 3030, a traditional handheld all-metal detector; and the ML 3S, a traditional handheld ferrous-only detector. The comparison focuses on the number of metallic targets each detector identifies in a controlled test field containing inert landmines and UXOs. Our findings highlight the strengths and limitations of airborne metal detection systems like the EM61Lite and emphasize the need for advanced processing techniques to facilitate their practical deployment. We demonstrate how our experimental normalization technique effectively identifies additional anomalies in airborne metal detector data, providing insights for improved detection methodologies.
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spelling doaj-art-43d97198ed2e4ff8a440052f03fbf3fa2025-08-20T02:57:04ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922024-12-011624473210.3390/rs16244732Viability of Substituting Handheld Metal Detectors with an Airborne Metal Detection System for Landmine and Unexploded Ordnance DetectionSagar Lekhak0Emmett J. Ientilucci1Anthony Wayne Brinkley2Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, 54 Lomb Memorial Dr, Rochester, NY 14623, USAChester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, 54 Lomb Memorial Dr, Rochester, NY 14623, USACenter for Health Sciences, Forensic Science Department, Tulsa Campus, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa OK 74107, USACommonly found landmines, such as the TM-62M, MON-100, and PDM-1, in the recent Russia–Ukraine war confirm the continued use of metals in munitions. Traditional demining techniques, primarily relying on handheld metal detectors and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems, remain state of the art for subsurface detection. However, manual demining with handheld metal detectors can be slow and pose significant risks to operators. Drone-based metal detection techniques offer promising solutions for rapid and effective landmine detection, but their reliability and accuracy remain a concern, as even a single missed detection can be life-threatening. This study evaluates the potential of an airborne metal detection system as an alternative to traditional handheld detectors. A comparative analysis of three distinct metal detectors for landmine detection is presented: the EM61Lite, a sensitive airborne metal detection system (tested in a pseudo-drone-based scenario); the CTX 3030, a traditional handheld all-metal detector; and the ML 3S, a traditional handheld ferrous-only detector. The comparison focuses on the number of metallic targets each detector identifies in a controlled test field containing inert landmines and UXOs. Our findings highlight the strengths and limitations of airborne metal detection systems like the EM61Lite and emphasize the need for advanced processing techniques to facilitate their practical deployment. We demonstrate how our experimental normalization technique effectively identifies additional anomalies in airborne metal detector data, providing insights for improved detection methodologies.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4732landminesunexploded ordnances (UXOs)unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)dronesmetal detectorsCTX 3030
spellingShingle Sagar Lekhak
Emmett J. Ientilucci
Anthony Wayne Brinkley
Viability of Substituting Handheld Metal Detectors with an Airborne Metal Detection System for Landmine and Unexploded Ordnance Detection
Remote Sensing
landmines
unexploded ordnances (UXOs)
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
drones
metal detectors
CTX 3030
title Viability of Substituting Handheld Metal Detectors with an Airborne Metal Detection System for Landmine and Unexploded Ordnance Detection
title_full Viability of Substituting Handheld Metal Detectors with an Airborne Metal Detection System for Landmine and Unexploded Ordnance Detection
title_fullStr Viability of Substituting Handheld Metal Detectors with an Airborne Metal Detection System for Landmine and Unexploded Ordnance Detection
title_full_unstemmed Viability of Substituting Handheld Metal Detectors with an Airborne Metal Detection System for Landmine and Unexploded Ordnance Detection
title_short Viability of Substituting Handheld Metal Detectors with an Airborne Metal Detection System for Landmine and Unexploded Ordnance Detection
title_sort viability of substituting handheld metal detectors with an airborne metal detection system for landmine and unexploded ordnance detection
topic landmines
unexploded ordnances (UXOs)
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
drones
metal detectors
CTX 3030
url https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4732
work_keys_str_mv AT sagarlekhak viabilityofsubstitutinghandheldmetaldetectorswithanairbornemetaldetectionsystemforlandmineandunexplodedordnancedetection
AT emmettjientilucci viabilityofsubstitutinghandheldmetaldetectorswithanairbornemetaldetectionsystemforlandmineandunexplodedordnancedetection
AT anthonywaynebrinkley viabilityofsubstitutinghandheldmetaldetectorswithanairbornemetaldetectionsystemforlandmineandunexplodedordnancedetection