An exploration of sub-national variability in institutional maternal mortality ratios in Kenya: a meta-analysis of the 2021 health facility data

BackgroundIn many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of preventable maternal deaths is still unacceptably high. Most Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) estimates are national, rarely sub-national. This study explores Kenya's 2021 national health facility dataset on maternal deaths and live...

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Main Authors: Francis G. Muriithi, Christina Easter, Alfred Osoti, Zahida Qureshi, Adam Devall, Arri Coomarasamy
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-03-01
Series:Frontiers in Global Women's Health
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgwh.2025.1481495/full
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author Francis G. Muriithi
Christina Easter
Alfred Osoti
Zahida Qureshi
Adam Devall
Arri Coomarasamy
author_facet Francis G. Muriithi
Christina Easter
Alfred Osoti
Zahida Qureshi
Adam Devall
Arri Coomarasamy
author_sort Francis G. Muriithi
collection DOAJ
description BackgroundIn many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of preventable maternal deaths is still unacceptably high. Most Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) estimates are national, rarely sub-national. This study explores Kenya's 2021 national health facility dataset on maternal deaths and live births for sub-national variability to describe the pattern and trend in variation in institutional maternal mortality ratios (iMMRs).MethodsCountry-wide health facility data on live births and maternal deaths for 2021 were requested from the District Health Information System (DHIS-2). A descriptive comparison of sub-national (Regional and County) iMMRs to national iMMR was carried out. Against a national average iMMR for Kenya of about 100 per 100,000 live births, those regions and counties with an iMMR <75 per 100,000 live births were defined as positive outliers, and those with an iMMR >125 were defined as negative outliers.ResultsIn 2021, 1,162 maternal deaths and 1,174,774 live births occurred within Kenya's health facilities. The annual national average iMMR was 99 per 100,000 live births [95% confidence interval (CI): 93.3, 104.8]. There was sub-national variability in iMMR at both regional and county levels. Central, Western and Rift Valley regions were positive outliers; North-Eastern Coast and Nairobi regions were negative outliers, while Nyanza and Eastern regions had an iMMR consistent with the national average. Seventeen counties were positive outliers, namely Baringo, Siaya, Nyamira, Elgeyo-Marakwet, West Pokot, Nandi, Kiambu, Laikipia, Nyeri, Samburu, Marsabit, Vihiga, Bungoma, Nyandarua, Kajiado, Murang'a and Trans-Nzoia. Ten counties were negative outliers: Tana River, Mandera, Machakos, Kilifi, Taita–Taveta, Kisumu, Nairobi, Garissa, and Mombasa and Isiolo. The iMMR in the remaining twenty counties was consistent with the national average. The effect sizes of the observed health facility variation were zero and there was no evidence of month-to-month variation.ConclusionThere is evidence of sub-national variability in Kenya's iMMRs. Understanding these reasons for the variability is crucial for developing strategies for improving maternal health outcomes. If positively deviant behaviours and practices are identified, they could form the basis for adopting asset-based approaches such as the positive deviance approach to improve maternal healthcare delivery processes and outcomes and reduce preventable maternal deaths.
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spelling doaj-art-43a0df1dc6784a8cb0814e71bb8a5ea02025-08-20T03:15:47ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Global Women's Health2673-50592025-03-01610.3389/fgwh.2025.14814951481495An exploration of sub-national variability in institutional maternal mortality ratios in Kenya: a meta-analysis of the 2021 health facility dataFrancis G. Muriithi0Christina Easter1Alfred Osoti2Zahida Qureshi3Adam Devall4Arri Coomarasamy5WHO Collaborating Centre for Global Women's Health, Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, School of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United KingdomInstitute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Public Health Building, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United KingdomDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, KenyaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, KenyaWHO Collaborating Centre for Global Women's Health, Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, School of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United KingdomWHO Collaborating Centre for Global Women's Health, Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, School of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United KingdomBackgroundIn many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of preventable maternal deaths is still unacceptably high. Most Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) estimates are national, rarely sub-national. This study explores Kenya's 2021 national health facility dataset on maternal deaths and live births for sub-national variability to describe the pattern and trend in variation in institutional maternal mortality ratios (iMMRs).MethodsCountry-wide health facility data on live births and maternal deaths for 2021 were requested from the District Health Information System (DHIS-2). A descriptive comparison of sub-national (Regional and County) iMMRs to national iMMR was carried out. Against a national average iMMR for Kenya of about 100 per 100,000 live births, those regions and counties with an iMMR <75 per 100,000 live births were defined as positive outliers, and those with an iMMR >125 were defined as negative outliers.ResultsIn 2021, 1,162 maternal deaths and 1,174,774 live births occurred within Kenya's health facilities. The annual national average iMMR was 99 per 100,000 live births [95% confidence interval (CI): 93.3, 104.8]. There was sub-national variability in iMMR at both regional and county levels. Central, Western and Rift Valley regions were positive outliers; North-Eastern Coast and Nairobi regions were negative outliers, while Nyanza and Eastern regions had an iMMR consistent with the national average. Seventeen counties were positive outliers, namely Baringo, Siaya, Nyamira, Elgeyo-Marakwet, West Pokot, Nandi, Kiambu, Laikipia, Nyeri, Samburu, Marsabit, Vihiga, Bungoma, Nyandarua, Kajiado, Murang'a and Trans-Nzoia. Ten counties were negative outliers: Tana River, Mandera, Machakos, Kilifi, Taita–Taveta, Kisumu, Nairobi, Garissa, and Mombasa and Isiolo. The iMMR in the remaining twenty counties was consistent with the national average. The effect sizes of the observed health facility variation were zero and there was no evidence of month-to-month variation.ConclusionThere is evidence of sub-national variability in Kenya's iMMRs. Understanding these reasons for the variability is crucial for developing strategies for improving maternal health outcomes. If positively deviant behaviours and practices are identified, they could form the basis for adopting asset-based approaches such as the positive deviance approach to improve maternal healthcare delivery processes and outcomes and reduce preventable maternal deaths.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgwh.2025.1481495/fullmaternal mortalitysub-Saharan AfricaKenyasub-nationalvariabilitypositive deviance
spellingShingle Francis G. Muriithi
Christina Easter
Alfred Osoti
Zahida Qureshi
Adam Devall
Arri Coomarasamy
An exploration of sub-national variability in institutional maternal mortality ratios in Kenya: a meta-analysis of the 2021 health facility data
Frontiers in Global Women's Health
maternal mortality
sub-Saharan Africa
Kenya
sub-national
variability
positive deviance
title An exploration of sub-national variability in institutional maternal mortality ratios in Kenya: a meta-analysis of the 2021 health facility data
title_full An exploration of sub-national variability in institutional maternal mortality ratios in Kenya: a meta-analysis of the 2021 health facility data
title_fullStr An exploration of sub-national variability in institutional maternal mortality ratios in Kenya: a meta-analysis of the 2021 health facility data
title_full_unstemmed An exploration of sub-national variability in institutional maternal mortality ratios in Kenya: a meta-analysis of the 2021 health facility data
title_short An exploration of sub-national variability in institutional maternal mortality ratios in Kenya: a meta-analysis of the 2021 health facility data
title_sort exploration of sub national variability in institutional maternal mortality ratios in kenya a meta analysis of the 2021 health facility data
topic maternal mortality
sub-Saharan Africa
Kenya
sub-national
variability
positive deviance
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgwh.2025.1481495/full
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