Advancing sustainable juice processing through thermosonication: functional enrichment of apple juice with pollen

The development of functional beverages requires the use of sustainable technologies to increase both nutritional value and consumer appreciation. This study aims to investigate the effects of thermosonication, a sustainable food processing approach, on Uruset apple juice to produce a functional bev...

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Main Authors: Seydi Yıkmış, Melikenur Türkol, Nazan Tokatlı Demirok, Berna Al, Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed, Moneera O. Aljobair
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1601419/full
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author Seydi Yıkmış
Melikenur Türkol
Nazan Tokatlı Demirok
Berna Al
Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed
Moneera O. Aljobair
author_facet Seydi Yıkmış
Melikenur Türkol
Nazan Tokatlı Demirok
Berna Al
Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed
Moneera O. Aljobair
author_sort Seydi Yıkmış
collection DOAJ
description The development of functional beverages requires the use of sustainable technologies to increase both nutritional value and consumer appreciation. This study aims to investigate the effects of thermosonication, a sustainable food processing approach, on Uruset apple juice to produce a functional beverage enriched with pollen. In the study, four process parameters—temperature, time, amplitude, and pollen concentration—were optimized. As a result of the experimental design using response surface methodology (RSM), significant increases were observed in total phenolic substance (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), and antioxidant capacity [DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and CUPRAC (copper reducing antioxidant capacity)] values. At the same time, significant improvements were observed in the content of phenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, and catechin. Thermosonication process partially suppressed the enzymatic activity (PPO) and ensured the preservation of phenolic compounds and positively affected the shelf life of the product. Sensory analysis results showed that apple pollen juice processed with thermosonication received higher scores in terms of taste, odor, and general liking compared to both the control and pasteurized groups. Optimum process conditions were determined to be 40.9°C temperature, 5.63 min process time, 61.01% amplitude, and 60 mg/100 mL pollen. The findings reveal that a sustainable, functional beverage with enhanced nutritional and sensory quality can be developed through the synergistic effect of thermosonication and a natural pollen additive. This approach offers an innovative and environmentally friendly solution that can be applied on an industrial scale as an alternative to traditional heat treatments. In the future, the production of functional beverages supported by innovative processes such as thermosonication could help to promote healthier and more environmentally friendly products within the food industry.
format Article
id doaj-art-4394e6a8a7c64df4a526c2d8afa4934d
institution Kabale University
issn 2571-581X
language English
publishDate 2025-07-01
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
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spelling doaj-art-4394e6a8a7c64df4a526c2d8afa4934d2025-08-20T03:33:08ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems2571-581X2025-07-01910.3389/fsufs.2025.16014191601419Advancing sustainable juice processing through thermosonication: functional enrichment of apple juice with pollenSeydi Yıkmış0Melikenur Türkol1Nazan Tokatlı Demirok2Berna Al3Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed4Moneera O. Aljobair5Department of Food Technology, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, TürkiyeDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tekirdağ Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, TürkiyeDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tekirdağ Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, TürkiyeDepartment of Food Technology, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, TürkiyeDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Sports Health, College of Sports Sciences & Physical Activity, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaThe development of functional beverages requires the use of sustainable technologies to increase both nutritional value and consumer appreciation. This study aims to investigate the effects of thermosonication, a sustainable food processing approach, on Uruset apple juice to produce a functional beverage enriched with pollen. In the study, four process parameters—temperature, time, amplitude, and pollen concentration—were optimized. As a result of the experimental design using response surface methodology (RSM), significant increases were observed in total phenolic substance (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), and antioxidant capacity [DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and CUPRAC (copper reducing antioxidant capacity)] values. At the same time, significant improvements were observed in the content of phenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, and catechin. Thermosonication process partially suppressed the enzymatic activity (PPO) and ensured the preservation of phenolic compounds and positively affected the shelf life of the product. Sensory analysis results showed that apple pollen juice processed with thermosonication received higher scores in terms of taste, odor, and general liking compared to both the control and pasteurized groups. Optimum process conditions were determined to be 40.9°C temperature, 5.63 min process time, 61.01% amplitude, and 60 mg/100 mL pollen. The findings reveal that a sustainable, functional beverage with enhanced nutritional and sensory quality can be developed through the synergistic effect of thermosonication and a natural pollen additive. This approach offers an innovative and environmentally friendly solution that can be applied on an industrial scale as an alternative to traditional heat treatments. In the future, the production of functional beverages supported by innovative processes such as thermosonication could help to promote healthier and more environmentally friendly products within the food industry.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1601419/fullsustainable food processingapple juicefunctional beveragepollenthermosonicationphenolic compounds
spellingShingle Seydi Yıkmış
Melikenur Türkol
Nazan Tokatlı Demirok
Berna Al
Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed
Moneera O. Aljobair
Advancing sustainable juice processing through thermosonication: functional enrichment of apple juice with pollen
Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
sustainable food processing
apple juice
functional beverage
pollen
thermosonication
phenolic compounds
title Advancing sustainable juice processing through thermosonication: functional enrichment of apple juice with pollen
title_full Advancing sustainable juice processing through thermosonication: functional enrichment of apple juice with pollen
title_fullStr Advancing sustainable juice processing through thermosonication: functional enrichment of apple juice with pollen
title_full_unstemmed Advancing sustainable juice processing through thermosonication: functional enrichment of apple juice with pollen
title_short Advancing sustainable juice processing through thermosonication: functional enrichment of apple juice with pollen
title_sort advancing sustainable juice processing through thermosonication functional enrichment of apple juice with pollen
topic sustainable food processing
apple juice
functional beverage
pollen
thermosonication
phenolic compounds
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1601419/full
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AT melikenurturkol advancingsustainablejuiceprocessingthroughthermosonicationfunctionalenrichmentofapplejuicewithpollen
AT nazantokatlıdemirok advancingsustainablejuiceprocessingthroughthermosonicationfunctionalenrichmentofapplejuicewithpollen
AT bernaal advancingsustainablejuiceprocessingthroughthermosonicationfunctionalenrichmentofapplejuicewithpollen
AT isamamohamedahmed advancingsustainablejuiceprocessingthroughthermosonicationfunctionalenrichmentofapplejuicewithpollen
AT moneeraoaljobair advancingsustainablejuiceprocessingthroughthermosonicationfunctionalenrichmentofapplejuicewithpollen