Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review
Cruciferae family vegetables are remarkably high in phytochemicals such as Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and Diindolylmethane (DIM), which are widely known as nutritional supplements. I3C and DIM have been studied extensively in different types of cancers like breast, prostate, endometrial, colorectal, ga...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| author | Yadava Srikanth Dontiboina Harikrishna Reddy Vinjavarapu Lakshmi Anusha Naresh Dumala Matte Kasi Viswanadh Guntupalli Chakravarthi Buchi N. Nalluri Ganesh Yadagiri Kakarla Ramakrishna |
| author_facet | Yadava Srikanth Dontiboina Harikrishna Reddy Vinjavarapu Lakshmi Anusha Naresh Dumala Matte Kasi Viswanadh Guntupalli Chakravarthi Buchi N. Nalluri Ganesh Yadagiri Kakarla Ramakrishna |
| author_sort | Yadava Srikanth |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cruciferae family vegetables are remarkably high in phytochemicals such as Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and Diindolylmethane (DIM), which are widely known as nutritional supplements. I3C and DIM have been studied extensively in different types of cancers like breast, prostate, endometrial, colorectal, gallbladder, hepatic, and cervical, as well as cancers in other tissues. In this review, we summarized the protective effects of I3C and DIM against cardiovascular, neurological, reproductive, metabolic, bone, respiratory, liver, and immune diseases, infections, and drug- and radiation-induced toxicities. Experimental evidence suggests that I3C and DIM offer protection due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, immunomodulatory, and xenobiotic properties. Apart from the beneficial effects, the present review also discusses the possible toxicities of I3C and DIM that are reported in various preclinical investigations. So far, most of the reports about I3C and DIM protective effects against various diseases are only from preclinical studies; this emphasizes the dire need for large-scale clinical trials on these phytochemicals against human diseases. Further, in-depth research is required to improve the bioavailability of these two phytochemicals to achieve the desirable protective effects. Overall, our review emphasizes that I3C and DIM may become potential drug candidates for combating dreadful human diseases. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4392ac16e55e482d9cfb4a1cb09d738f |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj-art-4392ac16e55e482d9cfb4a1cb09d738f2025-08-20T02:59:01ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-03-0114582710.3390/plants14050827Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive ReviewYadava Srikanth0Dontiboina Harikrishna Reddy1Vinjavarapu Lakshmi Anusha2Naresh Dumala3Matte Kasi Viswanadh4Guntupalli Chakravarthi5Buchi N. Nalluri6Ganesh Yadagiri7Kakarla Ramakrishna8KL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram 522302, IndiaKL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram 522302, IndiaKL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram 522302, IndiaKL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram 522302, IndiaKL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram 522302, IndiaKL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram 522302, IndiaKL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram 522302, IndiaObstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USAKL College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram 522302, IndiaCruciferae family vegetables are remarkably high in phytochemicals such as Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and Diindolylmethane (DIM), which are widely known as nutritional supplements. I3C and DIM have been studied extensively in different types of cancers like breast, prostate, endometrial, colorectal, gallbladder, hepatic, and cervical, as well as cancers in other tissues. In this review, we summarized the protective effects of I3C and DIM against cardiovascular, neurological, reproductive, metabolic, bone, respiratory, liver, and immune diseases, infections, and drug- and radiation-induced toxicities. Experimental evidence suggests that I3C and DIM offer protection due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, immunomodulatory, and xenobiotic properties. Apart from the beneficial effects, the present review also discusses the possible toxicities of I3C and DIM that are reported in various preclinical investigations. So far, most of the reports about I3C and DIM protective effects against various diseases are only from preclinical studies; this emphasizes the dire need for large-scale clinical trials on these phytochemicals against human diseases. Further, in-depth research is required to improve the bioavailability of these two phytochemicals to achieve the desirable protective effects. Overall, our review emphasizes that I3C and DIM may become potential drug candidates for combating dreadful human diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/5/827cruciferous vegetablesindole-3-carbinoldiindolylmethaneantioxidantimmunomodulationorgan protection |
| spellingShingle | Yadava Srikanth Dontiboina Harikrishna Reddy Vinjavarapu Lakshmi Anusha Naresh Dumala Matte Kasi Viswanadh Guntupalli Chakravarthi Buchi N. Nalluri Ganesh Yadagiri Kakarla Ramakrishna Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review Plants cruciferous vegetables indole-3-carbinol diindolylmethane antioxidant immunomodulation organ protection |
| title | Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_full | Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_fullStr | Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_short | Unveiling the Multifaceted Pharmacological Actions of Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_sort | unveiling the multifaceted pharmacological actions of indole 3 carbinol and diindolylmethane a comprehensive review |
| topic | cruciferous vegetables indole-3-carbinol diindolylmethane antioxidant immunomodulation organ protection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/5/827 |
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