Nasopharyngeal carcinoma detected noninvasively in the real world using three gene methylation analyses from automatically processed bilateral nasal swab samples

Abstract Background Efforts have been made to improve the performance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening strategies, which include EBV related biomarkers. However, the advances achieved still remain imperfection. DNA methylation occurs early in cancer development and can be used as potential diag...

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Main Authors: Zi-Han Qin, Si-Yuan Chen, Shuai Zhou, Hua Deng, Lan-Xi Li, Qi-Lun Guo, Xiong Zou, Pei-Yu Huang, Ming-Yuan Chen, Liang Zhang, Yi-Jun Hua
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:BMC Cancer
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14508-y
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author Zi-Han Qin
Si-Yuan Chen
Shuai Zhou
Hua Deng
Lan-Xi Li
Qi-Lun Guo
Xiong Zou
Pei-Yu Huang
Ming-Yuan Chen
Liang Zhang
Yi-Jun Hua
author_facet Zi-Han Qin
Si-Yuan Chen
Shuai Zhou
Hua Deng
Lan-Xi Li
Qi-Lun Guo
Xiong Zou
Pei-Yu Huang
Ming-Yuan Chen
Liang Zhang
Yi-Jun Hua
author_sort Zi-Han Qin
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Efforts have been made to improve the performance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening strategies, which include EBV related biomarkers. However, the advances achieved still remain imperfection. DNA methylation occurs early in cancer development and can be used as potential diagnostic biomarker. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of three methylated genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. Methods A total of 255 nasopharyngeal swabs and 35 plasma samples were collected from patients with newly diagnosed or treated NPC and healthy controls. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used to evaluate the methylation levels of three genes (SEPTIN9, RASSF1A, and H4C6) in swabs and plasma samples. The methylation rates, sensitivity, and specificity of the candidate genes were calculated. Furthermore, the detectability of methylated genes in paired swabs and plasma was compared. Results The detection rate of methylated SEPTIN9, RASSF1A, and H4C6 in nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with newly diagnosed NPC was 88.2%, 92.9% and 71.8%, respectively, while it reduced to 54.3%, 42.9% and 45.7% in blood plasma. The sensitivity of detecting methylated SEPTIN9, RASSF1A, and H4C6 to distinguish between untreated NPC and healthy controls was 88%, 93%, and 72%, respectively. Methylated RASSF1A showed the highest classification accuracy (AUC = 0.956). The detection rate of the methylated target genes was considerably lower in paired plasma samples. Conclusion The detection of RASSF1A methylation through non-invasive nasopharyngeal cavity swab sampling demonstrates significant potential for NPC diagnosis.
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issn 1471-2407
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publishDate 2025-07-01
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series BMC Cancer
spelling doaj-art-43750e28e3a343f0b06f7adce241bfc42025-08-20T03:38:18ZengBMCBMC Cancer1471-24072025-07-012511910.1186/s12885-025-14508-yNasopharyngeal carcinoma detected noninvasively in the real world using three gene methylation analyses from automatically processed bilateral nasal swab samplesZi-Han Qin0Si-Yuan Chen1Shuai Zhou2Hua Deng3Lan-Xi Li4Qi-Lun Guo5Xiong Zou6Pei-Yu Huang7Ming-Yuan Chen8Liang Zhang9Yi-Jun Hua10Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterDepartment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterTranslational Medicine Center, Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, Guangdong Women and Children HospitalTranslational Medicine Center, Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, Guangdong Women and Children HospitalDepartment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterDepartment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterDepartment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterDepartment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterDepartment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterTranslational Medicine Center, Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, Guangdong Women and Children HospitalDepartment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterAbstract Background Efforts have been made to improve the performance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening strategies, which include EBV related biomarkers. However, the advances achieved still remain imperfection. DNA methylation occurs early in cancer development and can be used as potential diagnostic biomarker. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of three methylated genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. Methods A total of 255 nasopharyngeal swabs and 35 plasma samples were collected from patients with newly diagnosed or treated NPC and healthy controls. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used to evaluate the methylation levels of three genes (SEPTIN9, RASSF1A, and H4C6) in swabs and plasma samples. The methylation rates, sensitivity, and specificity of the candidate genes were calculated. Furthermore, the detectability of methylated genes in paired swabs and plasma was compared. Results The detection rate of methylated SEPTIN9, RASSF1A, and H4C6 in nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with newly diagnosed NPC was 88.2%, 92.9% and 71.8%, respectively, while it reduced to 54.3%, 42.9% and 45.7% in blood plasma. The sensitivity of detecting methylated SEPTIN9, RASSF1A, and H4C6 to distinguish between untreated NPC and healthy controls was 88%, 93%, and 72%, respectively. Methylated RASSF1A showed the highest classification accuracy (AUC = 0.956). The detection rate of the methylated target genes was considerably lower in paired plasma samples. Conclusion The detection of RASSF1A methylation through non-invasive nasopharyngeal cavity swab sampling demonstrates significant potential for NPC diagnosis.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14508-yNasopharyngeal carcinomaNon-invasive diagnostic methodMethylation-specific PCR
spellingShingle Zi-Han Qin
Si-Yuan Chen
Shuai Zhou
Hua Deng
Lan-Xi Li
Qi-Lun Guo
Xiong Zou
Pei-Yu Huang
Ming-Yuan Chen
Liang Zhang
Yi-Jun Hua
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma detected noninvasively in the real world using three gene methylation analyses from automatically processed bilateral nasal swab samples
BMC Cancer
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Non-invasive diagnostic method
Methylation-specific PCR
title Nasopharyngeal carcinoma detected noninvasively in the real world using three gene methylation analyses from automatically processed bilateral nasal swab samples
title_full Nasopharyngeal carcinoma detected noninvasively in the real world using three gene methylation analyses from automatically processed bilateral nasal swab samples
title_fullStr Nasopharyngeal carcinoma detected noninvasively in the real world using three gene methylation analyses from automatically processed bilateral nasal swab samples
title_full_unstemmed Nasopharyngeal carcinoma detected noninvasively in the real world using three gene methylation analyses from automatically processed bilateral nasal swab samples
title_short Nasopharyngeal carcinoma detected noninvasively in the real world using three gene methylation analyses from automatically processed bilateral nasal swab samples
title_sort nasopharyngeal carcinoma detected noninvasively in the real world using three gene methylation analyses from automatically processed bilateral nasal swab samples
topic Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Non-invasive diagnostic method
Methylation-specific PCR
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14508-y
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