Temporal Stability of Signal Quality in Non-Contact Biopotential Electrodes

Non-contact electrodes have garnered significant attention as an alternative non-invasive biopotential measurement method that offers advantages such as improved subject comfort and ease of integration into everyday environments. Despite these benefits, ensuring consistent signal quality over time r...

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Main Authors: Antonio Stanešić, Luka Klaić, Dino Cindrić, Mario Cifrek
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Sensors
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/10/3077
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author Antonio Stanešić
Luka Klaić
Dino Cindrić
Mario Cifrek
author_facet Antonio Stanešić
Luka Klaić
Dino Cindrić
Mario Cifrek
author_sort Antonio Stanešić
collection DOAJ
description Non-contact electrodes have garnered significant attention as an alternative non-invasive biopotential measurement method that offers advantages such as improved subject comfort and ease of integration into everyday environments. Despite these benefits, ensuring consistent signal quality over time remains a critical challenge, particularly in applications like electrocardiography (ECG), where accuracy and reliability are paramount. This study investigates the temporal stability of signal quality in non-contact biopotential electrodes, with a primary focus on ECG monitoring. Our measurements showed a significant change in the recorded signal quality during prolonged measurement periods, which impacts the integrity and reliability of the measurements. Furthermore, it significantly impacts any shorter (<10 min) consecutive measurements of influential parameters (such as properties of electrodes, dielectric, etc.) since it removes the crucial <i>ceteris paribus</i> principle: the signal may not change just due to the change in influential parameters, but also due to the passage of time. Through a series of controlled experiments, we analyze how factors such as temperature, pressure on the electrodes, and humidity influence signal quality over extended durations (10 min or more). The results demonstrate key insights into the temporal dynamics of non-contact electrode performance, identifying potential sources of signal degradation and avenues for mitigation.
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spelling doaj-art-4327cf5dfd384e4fa1bccd7ecef3862e2025-08-20T03:48:02ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-05-012510307710.3390/s25103077Temporal Stability of Signal Quality in Non-Contact Biopotential ElectrodesAntonio Stanešić0Luka Klaić1Dino Cindrić2Mario Cifrek3University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaUniversity of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaUniversity of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaUniversity of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaNon-contact electrodes have garnered significant attention as an alternative non-invasive biopotential measurement method that offers advantages such as improved subject comfort and ease of integration into everyday environments. Despite these benefits, ensuring consistent signal quality over time remains a critical challenge, particularly in applications like electrocardiography (ECG), where accuracy and reliability are paramount. This study investigates the temporal stability of signal quality in non-contact biopotential electrodes, with a primary focus on ECG monitoring. Our measurements showed a significant change in the recorded signal quality during prolonged measurement periods, which impacts the integrity and reliability of the measurements. Furthermore, it significantly impacts any shorter (<10 min) consecutive measurements of influential parameters (such as properties of electrodes, dielectric, etc.) since it removes the crucial <i>ceteris paribus</i> principle: the signal may not change just due to the change in influential parameters, but also due to the passage of time. Through a series of controlled experiments, we analyze how factors such as temperature, pressure on the electrodes, and humidity influence signal quality over extended durations (10 min or more). The results demonstrate key insights into the temporal dynamics of non-contact electrode performance, identifying potential sources of signal degradation and avenues for mitigation.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/10/3077capacitive electrodesbiopotentialsECGcECGbiomedical signals
spellingShingle Antonio Stanešić
Luka Klaić
Dino Cindrić
Mario Cifrek
Temporal Stability of Signal Quality in Non-Contact Biopotential Electrodes
Sensors
capacitive electrodes
biopotentials
ECG
cECG
biomedical signals
title Temporal Stability of Signal Quality in Non-Contact Biopotential Electrodes
title_full Temporal Stability of Signal Quality in Non-Contact Biopotential Electrodes
title_fullStr Temporal Stability of Signal Quality in Non-Contact Biopotential Electrodes
title_full_unstemmed Temporal Stability of Signal Quality in Non-Contact Biopotential Electrodes
title_short Temporal Stability of Signal Quality in Non-Contact Biopotential Electrodes
title_sort temporal stability of signal quality in non contact biopotential electrodes
topic capacitive electrodes
biopotentials
ECG
cECG
biomedical signals
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/10/3077
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AT lukaklaic temporalstabilityofsignalqualityinnoncontactbiopotentialelectrodes
AT dinocindric temporalstabilityofsignalqualityinnoncontactbiopotentialelectrodes
AT mariocifrek temporalstabilityofsignalqualityinnoncontactbiopotentialelectrodes