Ultrafiltration and Fluid Excretion in Echinoids Involves the Axial Organ with Elimination via the Intestine

Many animals display nephridial structures for the ultrafiltration of metabolic waste. However, a nephridial equivalent and an excretory system are not generally recognized for echinoderms. Podocytes are nephridial cells that function in ultrafiltration of body fluids. Limited ultrastructural analys...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: L. Courtney Smith, Thomas M. Hill
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Life
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/5/767
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