The Role of Nanomaterials in the Wearable Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors for Diabetes Management
The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus necessitates the development of advanced glucose-monitoring systems that are non-invasive, reliable, and capable of real-time analysis. Wearable electrochemical biosensors have emerged as promising tools for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), particul...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Biosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/15/7/451 |
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| author | Tahereh Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani Soheila Kashanian Kobra Omidfar Helgi B. Schiöth |
| author_facet | Tahereh Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani Soheila Kashanian Kobra Omidfar Helgi B. Schiöth |
| author_sort | Tahereh Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus necessitates the development of advanced glucose-monitoring systems that are non-invasive, reliable, and capable of real-time analysis. Wearable electrochemical biosensors have emerged as promising tools for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), particularly through sweat-based platforms. This review highlights recent advancements in enzymatic and non-enzymatic wearable biosensors, with a specific focus on the pivotal role of nanomaterials in enhancing sensor performance. In enzymatic sensors, nanomaterials serve as high-surface-area supports for glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilization and facilitate direct electron transfer (DET), thereby improving sensitivity, selectivity, and miniaturization. Meanwhile, non-enzymatic sensors leverage metal and metal oxide nanostructures as catalytic sites to mimic enzymatic activity, offering improved stability and durability. Both categories benefit from the integration of carbon-based materials, metal nanoparticles, conductive polymers, and hybrid composites, enabling the development of flexible, skin-compatible biosensing systems with wireless communication capabilities. The review critically evaluates sensor performance parameters, including sensitivity, limit of detection, and linear range. Finally, current limitations and future perspectives are discussed. These include the development of multifunctional sensors, closed-loop therapeutic systems, and strategies for enhancing the stability and cost-efficiency of biosensors for broader clinical adoption. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-42eee13e81b24db0b86c2bc107994288 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-42eee13e81b24db0b86c2bc1079942882025-08-20T03:08:09ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742025-07-0115745110.3390/bios15070451The Role of Nanomaterials in the Wearable Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors for Diabetes ManagementTahereh Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani0Soheila Kashanian1Kobra Omidfar2Helgi B. Schiöth3Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, IranNanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, IranBiosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular–Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, IranDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, SwedenThe increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus necessitates the development of advanced glucose-monitoring systems that are non-invasive, reliable, and capable of real-time analysis. Wearable electrochemical biosensors have emerged as promising tools for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), particularly through sweat-based platforms. This review highlights recent advancements in enzymatic and non-enzymatic wearable biosensors, with a specific focus on the pivotal role of nanomaterials in enhancing sensor performance. In enzymatic sensors, nanomaterials serve as high-surface-area supports for glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilization and facilitate direct electron transfer (DET), thereby improving sensitivity, selectivity, and miniaturization. Meanwhile, non-enzymatic sensors leverage metal and metal oxide nanostructures as catalytic sites to mimic enzymatic activity, offering improved stability and durability. Both categories benefit from the integration of carbon-based materials, metal nanoparticles, conductive polymers, and hybrid composites, enabling the development of flexible, skin-compatible biosensing systems with wireless communication capabilities. The review critically evaluates sensor performance parameters, including sensitivity, limit of detection, and linear range. Finally, current limitations and future perspectives are discussed. These include the development of multifunctional sensors, closed-loop therapeutic systems, and strategies for enhancing the stability and cost-efficiency of biosensors for broader clinical adoption.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/15/7/451wearable electrochemical biosensorsdiabetes mellitusglucose oxidasenon-enzymatic glucose biosensorssweat-based biosensorscontinuous glucose monitoring |
| spellingShingle | Tahereh Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani Soheila Kashanian Kobra Omidfar Helgi B. Schiöth The Role of Nanomaterials in the Wearable Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors for Diabetes Management Biosensors wearable electrochemical biosensors diabetes mellitus glucose oxidase non-enzymatic glucose biosensors sweat-based biosensors continuous glucose monitoring |
| title | The Role of Nanomaterials in the Wearable Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors for Diabetes Management |
| title_full | The Role of Nanomaterials in the Wearable Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors for Diabetes Management |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Nanomaterials in the Wearable Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors for Diabetes Management |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Nanomaterials in the Wearable Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors for Diabetes Management |
| title_short | The Role of Nanomaterials in the Wearable Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors for Diabetes Management |
| title_sort | role of nanomaterials in the wearable electrochemical glucose biosensors for diabetes management |
| topic | wearable electrochemical biosensors diabetes mellitus glucose oxidase non-enzymatic glucose biosensors sweat-based biosensors continuous glucose monitoring |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/15/7/451 |
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