Histologic and ultrastructural degeneration of rotator cuff tendons in elderly patients with glenohumeral arthritis and cuff tear arthropathy

Abstract Background This study aimed to examine the degree of rotator cuff (RC) tendon histological degeneration in elderly patients with osteoarthritis (OA) without RC tears, patients with cuff tear arthropathy (CTA), and those with proximal humeral fractures. Methods RC tendon samples were harvest...

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Main Authors: Daisuke Mori, Azuma Kagaku, Ke Yong Wang, Takuya Tokunaga, Yoshikazu Kida, Yoshiharu Shimozono, Homare Nishiyama, Kazuha Kizaki, Noboru Funakoshi, Fumiharu Yamashita, Masahiko Kobayashi
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Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:BMC Surgery
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-025-03002-8
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author Daisuke Mori
Azuma Kagaku
Ke Yong Wang
Takuya Tokunaga
Yoshikazu Kida
Yoshiharu Shimozono
Homare Nishiyama
Kazuha Kizaki
Noboru Funakoshi
Fumiharu Yamashita
Masahiko Kobayashi
author_facet Daisuke Mori
Azuma Kagaku
Ke Yong Wang
Takuya Tokunaga
Yoshikazu Kida
Yoshiharu Shimozono
Homare Nishiyama
Kazuha Kizaki
Noboru Funakoshi
Fumiharu Yamashita
Masahiko Kobayashi
author_sort Daisuke Mori
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background This study aimed to examine the degree of rotator cuff (RC) tendon histological degeneration in elderly patients with osteoarthritis (OA) without RC tears, patients with cuff tear arthropathy (CTA), and those with proximal humeral fractures. Methods RC tendon samples were harvested from 13 shoulders in 10 consecutive OA patients without RC tears (mean age, 77.6 (71–83) years; number of samples = 15; OA group) and 20 shoulders in 20 consecutive CTA patients (mean age, 77.4 (70–87) years; number of samples = 24; CTA group) at the time of reverse shoulder arthroplasty between February 2018 and March 2022. Additionally, we harvested the supraspinatus tendons in two shoulders in two patients who underwent surgery for a proximal humeral fracture, which served as the control group. Histological and ultrastructural characteristics were assessed using light and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The results of the light microscopic analysis were classified using the Bonar score. Results The mean Bonar score did not differ significantly between the OA and CTA groups (5.7 vs. 6.4, respectively; P = 0.160). The mean Bonar score was higher in the OA and CTA groups than scores in the control patients (0 and 2 points, respectively). In the OA and CTA groups, collagen fibers were irregularly orientated and separated; several blood vessels and inflammatory cells were also observed. The supraspinatus tendons from the fracture patients demonstrated well-oriented collagen fibers with tightly cohesive, well-demarcated bundles. The ultrastructural analysis showed that collagen fibrils were arranged irregularly within a heterogenous extracellular matrix in the OA and CTA groups. Fibril diameter did not differ significantly between the groups (P = .219). The distribution of fibril diameters was similar in both groups. Conclusions Our histologic and structural results showed that rotator cuff tendons in elderly OA patients without RC tears had relatively high mean Bonar scores, indicating degenerative change of the tendon, which was comparable to the degree of tendon degeneration in elderly CTA patients. In elderly OA patients, it is important to recognize that some degree of tendon degeneration may exist even in patients without RC tears.
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spelling doaj-art-42ed979f8c604d5c8bbfb5341f0a2c652025-08-20T03:45:27ZengBMCBMC Surgery1471-24822025-07-0125111110.1186/s12893-025-03002-8Histologic and ultrastructural degeneration of rotator cuff tendons in elderly patients with glenohumeral arthritis and cuff tear arthropathyDaisuke Mori0Azuma Kagaku1Ke Yong Wang2Takuya Tokunaga3Yoshikazu Kida4Yoshiharu Shimozono5Homare Nishiyama6Kazuha Kizaki7Noboru Funakoshi8Fumiharu Yamashita9Masahiko Kobayashi10Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto Shoulder & Sports ClinicDepartment of Anatomy, University of Occupational and Environmental HealthShared-Use Research Center, University of Occupational and Environmental HealthDepartment of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto UniversityDepartment of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo HospitalDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo HospitalDepartment of Anatomy, University of Occupational and Environmental HealthDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo HospitalDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo HospitalDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo HospitalAbstract Background This study aimed to examine the degree of rotator cuff (RC) tendon histological degeneration in elderly patients with osteoarthritis (OA) without RC tears, patients with cuff tear arthropathy (CTA), and those with proximal humeral fractures. Methods RC tendon samples were harvested from 13 shoulders in 10 consecutive OA patients without RC tears (mean age, 77.6 (71–83) years; number of samples = 15; OA group) and 20 shoulders in 20 consecutive CTA patients (mean age, 77.4 (70–87) years; number of samples = 24; CTA group) at the time of reverse shoulder arthroplasty between February 2018 and March 2022. Additionally, we harvested the supraspinatus tendons in two shoulders in two patients who underwent surgery for a proximal humeral fracture, which served as the control group. Histological and ultrastructural characteristics were assessed using light and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The results of the light microscopic analysis were classified using the Bonar score. Results The mean Bonar score did not differ significantly between the OA and CTA groups (5.7 vs. 6.4, respectively; P = 0.160). The mean Bonar score was higher in the OA and CTA groups than scores in the control patients (0 and 2 points, respectively). In the OA and CTA groups, collagen fibers were irregularly orientated and separated; several blood vessels and inflammatory cells were also observed. The supraspinatus tendons from the fracture patients demonstrated well-oriented collagen fibers with tightly cohesive, well-demarcated bundles. The ultrastructural analysis showed that collagen fibrils were arranged irregularly within a heterogenous extracellular matrix in the OA and CTA groups. Fibril diameter did not differ significantly between the groups (P = .219). The distribution of fibril diameters was similar in both groups. Conclusions Our histologic and structural results showed that rotator cuff tendons in elderly OA patients without RC tears had relatively high mean Bonar scores, indicating degenerative change of the tendon, which was comparable to the degree of tendon degeneration in elderly CTA patients. In elderly OA patients, it is important to recognize that some degree of tendon degeneration may exist even in patients without RC tears.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-025-03002-8Tendon histologyGlenohumeral osteoarthritisCuff tear arthropathyTendon degenerationBonar score
spellingShingle Daisuke Mori
Azuma Kagaku
Ke Yong Wang
Takuya Tokunaga
Yoshikazu Kida
Yoshiharu Shimozono
Homare Nishiyama
Kazuha Kizaki
Noboru Funakoshi
Fumiharu Yamashita
Masahiko Kobayashi
Histologic and ultrastructural degeneration of rotator cuff tendons in elderly patients with glenohumeral arthritis and cuff tear arthropathy
BMC Surgery
Tendon histology
Glenohumeral osteoarthritis
Cuff tear arthropathy
Tendon degeneration
Bonar score
title Histologic and ultrastructural degeneration of rotator cuff tendons in elderly patients with glenohumeral arthritis and cuff tear arthropathy
title_full Histologic and ultrastructural degeneration of rotator cuff tendons in elderly patients with glenohumeral arthritis and cuff tear arthropathy
title_fullStr Histologic and ultrastructural degeneration of rotator cuff tendons in elderly patients with glenohumeral arthritis and cuff tear arthropathy
title_full_unstemmed Histologic and ultrastructural degeneration of rotator cuff tendons in elderly patients with glenohumeral arthritis and cuff tear arthropathy
title_short Histologic and ultrastructural degeneration of rotator cuff tendons in elderly patients with glenohumeral arthritis and cuff tear arthropathy
title_sort histologic and ultrastructural degeneration of rotator cuff tendons in elderly patients with glenohumeral arthritis and cuff tear arthropathy
topic Tendon histology
Glenohumeral osteoarthritis
Cuff tear arthropathy
Tendon degeneration
Bonar score
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-025-03002-8
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