PPE Waste-Derived Carbon Materials for Energy Storage Applications via Carbonization Techniques

Starting from the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, billions of personal protective equipment (PPE), mainly face masks (FMs), are reported to be worn and thrown away every month worldwide. Most of the waste winds up in landfills and undergoes an incineration process after being released into the envi...

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Main Authors: Nur Amaliyana Raship, Siti Nooraya Mohd Tawil, Murniati Syaripuddin
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:C
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/11/1/8
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author Nur Amaliyana Raship
Siti Nooraya Mohd Tawil
Murniati Syaripuddin
author_facet Nur Amaliyana Raship
Siti Nooraya Mohd Tawil
Murniati Syaripuddin
author_sort Nur Amaliyana Raship
collection DOAJ
description Starting from the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, billions of personal protective equipment (PPE), mainly face masks (FMs), are reported to be worn and thrown away every month worldwide. Most of the waste winds up in landfills and undergoes an incineration process after being released into the environment. This could pose a significant risk and long-term effects to both human health and ecology due to the tremendous amount of non-biodegradable substances in the PPE waste. Consequently, alternative approaches for recycling PPE waste are imperatively needed to lessen the harmful effects of PPE waste. The current recycling methods facilitate the conventional treatment of waste, and most of it results in materials with decreased values for their characteristics. Thus, it is crucial to create efficient and environmentally friendly methods for recycling FMs and other PPE waste into products with added value, such as high-quality carbon materials. This paper reviews and focuses on the techniques for recycling PPE waste that are both economically viable and beneficial to the environment through carbonization technology, which transforms PPE waste into highly valuable carbon materials, as well as exploring the possible utilization of these materials for energy storage applications. In conclusion, this paper provides copious knowledge and information regarding PPE waste-derived carbon-based materials that would benefit potential green energy research.
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spelling doaj-art-42c9926cb9384960934a2a36b4e7a22b2025-08-20T03:43:30ZengMDPI AGC2311-56292025-01-01111810.3390/c11010008PPE Waste-Derived Carbon Materials for Energy Storage Applications via Carbonization TechniquesNur Amaliyana Raship0Siti Nooraya Mohd Tawil1Murniati Syaripuddin2Centre for Tropicalisation, Defence Research Institute, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCentre for Tropicalisation, Defence Research Institute, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaStarting from the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, billions of personal protective equipment (PPE), mainly face masks (FMs), are reported to be worn and thrown away every month worldwide. Most of the waste winds up in landfills and undergoes an incineration process after being released into the environment. This could pose a significant risk and long-term effects to both human health and ecology due to the tremendous amount of non-biodegradable substances in the PPE waste. Consequently, alternative approaches for recycling PPE waste are imperatively needed to lessen the harmful effects of PPE waste. The current recycling methods facilitate the conventional treatment of waste, and most of it results in materials with decreased values for their characteristics. Thus, it is crucial to create efficient and environmentally friendly methods for recycling FMs and other PPE waste into products with added value, such as high-quality carbon materials. This paper reviews and focuses on the techniques for recycling PPE waste that are both economically viable and beneficial to the environment through carbonization technology, which transforms PPE waste into highly valuable carbon materials, as well as exploring the possible utilization of these materials for energy storage applications. In conclusion, this paper provides copious knowledge and information regarding PPE waste-derived carbon-based materials that would benefit potential green energy research.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/11/1/8activated carbonPPE wastechemical activationcarbonization
spellingShingle Nur Amaliyana Raship
Siti Nooraya Mohd Tawil
Murniati Syaripuddin
PPE Waste-Derived Carbon Materials for Energy Storage Applications via Carbonization Techniques
C
activated carbon
PPE waste
chemical activation
carbonization
title PPE Waste-Derived Carbon Materials for Energy Storage Applications via Carbonization Techniques
title_full PPE Waste-Derived Carbon Materials for Energy Storage Applications via Carbonization Techniques
title_fullStr PPE Waste-Derived Carbon Materials for Energy Storage Applications via Carbonization Techniques
title_full_unstemmed PPE Waste-Derived Carbon Materials for Energy Storage Applications via Carbonization Techniques
title_short PPE Waste-Derived Carbon Materials for Energy Storage Applications via Carbonization Techniques
title_sort ppe waste derived carbon materials for energy storage applications via carbonization techniques
topic activated carbon
PPE waste
chemical activation
carbonization
url https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/11/1/8
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AT sitinoorayamohdtawil ppewastederivedcarbonmaterialsforenergystorageapplicationsviacarbonizationtechniques
AT murniatisyaripuddin ppewastederivedcarbonmaterialsforenergystorageapplicationsviacarbonizationtechniques