Effect of Aerobic and Foot Intrinsic Muscle Strength Training on Plantar Pressures and Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Controlled Study
Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications. Among all the complications, foot complications are mostly caused due to altered plantar pressures, spatiotemporal gait parameters, balance deficits and impaired proprioception, which ofte...
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JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited
2025-02-01
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| author | Shashikumar Channmgere Govindappa |
| author_facet | Shashikumar Channmgere Govindappa |
| author_sort | Shashikumar Channmgere Govindappa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications. Among all the complications, foot complications are mostly caused due to altered plantar pressures, spatiotemporal gait parameters, balance deficits and impaired proprioception, which often results in fall-related injuries in such patients.
Aim: To analyse the effect of aerobic exercises on plantar pressures and spatiotemporal gait parameters in T2DM patients.
Materials and Methods: A randomised controlled study was conducted in Hail General Hospital and King Khalid Hospital in Hail City, Saudi Arabia from September 2023 to June 2024. A total of 140 patients with uncontrolled T2DM diagnosed aged between 30 and 65 years were assessed for peripheral neuropathy, both with and without clinical signs based on the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Index (MNSI). The control group received standard medical care (Antidiabetic medications prescribed by a physician and a Diabetic diet prescribed by a Nutrition Therapist), and the experimental group received identical aerobic exercise and specific intrinsic foot muscle exercise along with standard care, three times a week for three months. A descriptive analysis was conducted to determine the mean, standard deviation, and normality of the variables. The Mann-Whitney U test was applied for intergroup comparison. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: A statistically significant reduction in the average plantar pressure, forefoot both left and right and right hindfoot pressure in the intervention group was observed compared to the control group. These reductions were significant at the p-value <0.001 level. In addition, significant improvements were observed in the spatiotemporal gait parameters, including step duration, gait cycle duration and double stance duration with p-value <0.001.
Conclusion: This study indicates that intrinsic foot muscle exercises and standard aerobic exercises may have an additive effect in improving function and reducing plantar pressure in patients with diabetes. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-427cb90a0fc74680aa1b98948336ecc2 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2249-782X 0973-709X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited |
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| series | Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-427cb90a0fc74680aa1b98948336ecc22025-08-20T03:18:33ZengJCDR Research and Publications Private LimitedJournal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research2249-782X0973-709X2025-02-01192YC45YC4910.7860/JCDR/2025/74988.20686Effect of Aerobic and Foot Intrinsic Muscle Strength Training on Plantar Pressures and Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Controlled StudyShashikumar Channmgere Govindappa0Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Hail University, Hail, Saudi Arabia.Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications. Among all the complications, foot complications are mostly caused due to altered plantar pressures, spatiotemporal gait parameters, balance deficits and impaired proprioception, which often results in fall-related injuries in such patients. Aim: To analyse the effect of aerobic exercises on plantar pressures and spatiotemporal gait parameters in T2DM patients. Materials and Methods: A randomised controlled study was conducted in Hail General Hospital and King Khalid Hospital in Hail City, Saudi Arabia from September 2023 to June 2024. A total of 140 patients with uncontrolled T2DM diagnosed aged between 30 and 65 years were assessed for peripheral neuropathy, both with and without clinical signs based on the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Index (MNSI). The control group received standard medical care (Antidiabetic medications prescribed by a physician and a Diabetic diet prescribed by a Nutrition Therapist), and the experimental group received identical aerobic exercise and specific intrinsic foot muscle exercise along with standard care, three times a week for three months. A descriptive analysis was conducted to determine the mean, standard deviation, and normality of the variables. The Mann-Whitney U test was applied for intergroup comparison. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A statistically significant reduction in the average plantar pressure, forefoot both left and right and right hindfoot pressure in the intervention group was observed compared to the control group. These reductions were significant at the p-value <0.001 level. In addition, significant improvements were observed in the spatiotemporal gait parameters, including step duration, gait cycle duration and double stance duration with p-value <0.001. Conclusion: This study indicates that intrinsic foot muscle exercises and standard aerobic exercises may have an additive effect in improving function and reducing plantar pressure in patients with diabetes.https://jcdr.net/articles/PDF/20686/74988_CE[Ra1]_F(SHU)_PF1(AG_SL)_PFA_NC(IS)_PB(AG_IS).pdfmichigan neuropathy screening instrument indexperipheral neuropathyphysiotherapeutic intervention |
| spellingShingle | Shashikumar Channmgere Govindappa Effect of Aerobic and Foot Intrinsic Muscle Strength Training on Plantar Pressures and Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Controlled Study Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research michigan neuropathy screening instrument index peripheral neuropathy physiotherapeutic intervention |
| title | Effect of Aerobic and Foot Intrinsic Muscle Strength Training on Plantar Pressures and Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Controlled Study |
| title_full | Effect of Aerobic and Foot Intrinsic Muscle Strength Training on Plantar Pressures and Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Controlled Study |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Aerobic and Foot Intrinsic Muscle Strength Training on Plantar Pressures and Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Controlled Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Aerobic and Foot Intrinsic Muscle Strength Training on Plantar Pressures and Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Controlled Study |
| title_short | Effect of Aerobic and Foot Intrinsic Muscle Strength Training on Plantar Pressures and Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Controlled Study |
| title_sort | effect of aerobic and foot intrinsic muscle strength training on plantar pressures and spatiotemporal gait parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus a randomised controlled study |
| topic | michigan neuropathy screening instrument index peripheral neuropathy physiotherapeutic intervention |
| url | https://jcdr.net/articles/PDF/20686/74988_CE[Ra1]_F(SHU)_PF1(AG_SL)_PFA_NC(IS)_PB(AG_IS).pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT shashikumarchannmgeregovindappa effectofaerobicandfootintrinsicmusclestrengthtrainingonplantarpressuresandspatiotemporalgaitparametersintype2diabetesmellitusarandomisedcontrolledstudy |