Digital and socioeconomic inequalities in perceived mobility restrictions for activity participation: Captive users in Madrid

Although COVID-19′s impact on mobility has been widely studied—often highlighting the disproportionate burden on vulnerable groups—two aspects remain understudied: the need for a multidimensional approach to vulnerability, and the role of perceived rather than observed mobility restrictions in shapi...

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Main Authors: Segundo Paico-Saavedra, Alberto Rojas-Rivero, Raúl F. Elizondo-Candanedo, Aldo Arranz-López, Julio A. Soria-Lara
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-12-01
Series:Journal of Urban Mobility
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667091725000445
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author Segundo Paico-Saavedra
Alberto Rojas-Rivero
Raúl F. Elizondo-Candanedo
Aldo Arranz-López
Julio A. Soria-Lara
author_facet Segundo Paico-Saavedra
Alberto Rojas-Rivero
Raúl F. Elizondo-Candanedo
Aldo Arranz-López
Julio A. Soria-Lara
author_sort Segundo Paico-Saavedra
collection DOAJ
description Although COVID-19′s impact on mobility has been widely studied—often highlighting the disproportionate burden on vulnerable groups—two aspects remain understudied: the need for a multidimensional approach to vulnerability, and the role of perceived rather than observed mobility restrictions in shaping access during crises. This study addresses this gap by investigating how structural vulnerabilities (e.g., transport mobility, digital access, and socioeconomic) shaped the ability to engage in work and educational activities during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Madrid Region. A survey of captive public transport users was conducted, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify key dimensions of vulnerability. These dimensions -related to socioeconomic status, digital access, household characteristics, and commuting conditions- were then included in an ordinal logistic regression to assess their influence on perceived mobility difficulty. The results reveal a complex and layered geography of vulnerability. Individuals with limited teleworking capacity, digital exclusion, and economic precarity were significantly more likely to report mobility restrictions, especially in suburban and peripheral areas with fewer transport alternatives. In contrast, those with greater digital access, financial resilience, or private mobility options reported fewer barriers. The findings emphasize that transport-related disadvantages cannot be understood without digital and social inequalities. Policy implications include the need to integrate digital accessibility into transport equity frameworks, improve service provision in structurally dependent areas, and recognize informal household-level mobility strategies as assets.
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spelling doaj-art-425bc76b6c604d7b8bbd496b6ac67a122025-08-20T03:59:22ZengElsevierJournal of Urban Mobility2667-09172025-12-01810014210.1016/j.urbmob.2025.100142Digital and socioeconomic inequalities in perceived mobility restrictions for activity participation: Captive users in MadridSegundo Paico-Saavedra0Alberto Rojas-Rivero1Raúl F. Elizondo-Candanedo2Aldo Arranz-López3Julio A. Soria-Lara4AERTEC. C. Miguel Faraday, 20, 28906 Getafe, Madrid SpainTransport Research Centre -TRANSyT-. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. C/ Profesor Aranguren, 3, 28040, Madrid SpainTransport Research Centre -TRANSyT-. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. C/ Profesor Aranguren, 3, 28040, Madrid SpainZaragoza Logistics Center (ZLC). Avenida Ranillas 5, edificio 5A (EXPO), planta baja, 50018, Zaragoza Spain; Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER). Maison des Sciences Humaines 11, Porte des Sciences L-4366 Esch-sur-Alzette / Belval, Luxembourg; Corresponding author.Transport Research Centre -TRANSyT-. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. C/ Profesor Aranguren, 3, 28040, Madrid Spain; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). C/ Serrano, 117, 28006, Madrid, SpainAlthough COVID-19′s impact on mobility has been widely studied—often highlighting the disproportionate burden on vulnerable groups—two aspects remain understudied: the need for a multidimensional approach to vulnerability, and the role of perceived rather than observed mobility restrictions in shaping access during crises. This study addresses this gap by investigating how structural vulnerabilities (e.g., transport mobility, digital access, and socioeconomic) shaped the ability to engage in work and educational activities during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Madrid Region. A survey of captive public transport users was conducted, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify key dimensions of vulnerability. These dimensions -related to socioeconomic status, digital access, household characteristics, and commuting conditions- were then included in an ordinal logistic regression to assess their influence on perceived mobility difficulty. The results reveal a complex and layered geography of vulnerability. Individuals with limited teleworking capacity, digital exclusion, and economic precarity were significantly more likely to report mobility restrictions, especially in suburban and peripheral areas with fewer transport alternatives. In contrast, those with greater digital access, financial resilience, or private mobility options reported fewer barriers. The findings emphasize that transport-related disadvantages cannot be understood without digital and social inequalities. Policy implications include the need to integrate digital accessibility into transport equity frameworks, improve service provision in structurally dependent areas, and recognize informal household-level mobility strategies as assets.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667091725000445EquityResilienceTeleworkCaptivityExclusionCommute
spellingShingle Segundo Paico-Saavedra
Alberto Rojas-Rivero
Raúl F. Elizondo-Candanedo
Aldo Arranz-López
Julio A. Soria-Lara
Digital and socioeconomic inequalities in perceived mobility restrictions for activity participation: Captive users in Madrid
Journal of Urban Mobility
Equity
Resilience
Telework
Captivity
Exclusion
Commute
title Digital and socioeconomic inequalities in perceived mobility restrictions for activity participation: Captive users in Madrid
title_full Digital and socioeconomic inequalities in perceived mobility restrictions for activity participation: Captive users in Madrid
title_fullStr Digital and socioeconomic inequalities in perceived mobility restrictions for activity participation: Captive users in Madrid
title_full_unstemmed Digital and socioeconomic inequalities in perceived mobility restrictions for activity participation: Captive users in Madrid
title_short Digital and socioeconomic inequalities in perceived mobility restrictions for activity participation: Captive users in Madrid
title_sort digital and socioeconomic inequalities in perceived mobility restrictions for activity participation captive users in madrid
topic Equity
Resilience
Telework
Captivity
Exclusion
Commute
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667091725000445
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