Skewed sex ratios and violence against women in Pakistan

Concerns have been raised that an excess of men leads to societal violence, including violence against women, although recent evidence has challenged this view. One area that remains untested is honour killings, a type of femicide perpetrated by unrelated family members, such as intimate partners, a...

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Main Authors: Olympia L. K. Campbell, Maheen Pracha, Ruth Mace
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Cambridge University Press 2025-01-01
Series:Evolutionary Human Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2513843X25100030/type/journal_article
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author Olympia L. K. Campbell
Maheen Pracha
Ruth Mace
author_facet Olympia L. K. Campbell
Maheen Pracha
Ruth Mace
author_sort Olympia L. K. Campbell
collection DOAJ
description Concerns have been raised that an excess of men leads to societal violence, including violence against women, although recent evidence has challenged this view. One area that remains untested is honour killings, a type of femicide perpetrated by unrelated family members, such as intimate partners, and related family members, such as parents and siblings. Using a novel data set of media reports of honour killings from Pakistan we test whether the sex ratio is associated with femicide. To address reporting bias, we implement two case-control studies. The first compares media reports of honour killings to male suicides. The second compares honour killings perpetrated by unrelated individuals to those perpetrated by kin. We find evidence that honour killings perpetrated by unrelated individuals are higher in male-biased areas compared to those perpetrated by kin. Honour killings of women by kin therefore appear less sensitive to the sex ratio. Results align with sexual selection theory, suggesting more male competition may lead to more violence. We also find weak evidence that male-biased areas report more male suicides than honour killings. However, we caution against drawing causal conclusions due to potential confounding variables, particularly economic deprivation. This highlights the challenges of studying sensitive topics quantitatively.
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spelling doaj-art-422ed7cd113b4c5bbb1775c6e8e04af92025-08-20T03:16:16ZengCambridge University PressEvolutionary Human Sciences2513-843X2025-01-01710.1017/ehs.2025.10003Skewed sex ratios and violence against women in PakistanOlympia L. K. Campbell0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-637XMaheen Pracha1Ruth Mace2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6137-7739Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, University of Toulouse Capitole, Toulouse, FranceHuman Rights Commission of Pakistan, Lahore, PakistanDepartment of Anthropology, University College London, London, UKConcerns have been raised that an excess of men leads to societal violence, including violence against women, although recent evidence has challenged this view. One area that remains untested is honour killings, a type of femicide perpetrated by unrelated family members, such as intimate partners, and related family members, such as parents and siblings. Using a novel data set of media reports of honour killings from Pakistan we test whether the sex ratio is associated with femicide. To address reporting bias, we implement two case-control studies. The first compares media reports of honour killings to male suicides. The second compares honour killings perpetrated by unrelated individuals to those perpetrated by kin. We find evidence that honour killings perpetrated by unrelated individuals are higher in male-biased areas compared to those perpetrated by kin. Honour killings of women by kin therefore appear less sensitive to the sex ratio. Results align with sexual selection theory, suggesting more male competition may lead to more violence. We also find weak evidence that male-biased areas report more male suicides than honour killings. However, we caution against drawing causal conclusions due to potential confounding variables, particularly economic deprivation. This highlights the challenges of studying sensitive topics quantitatively.https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2513843X25100030/type/journal_articlesex ratioviolence against womensuicidePakistannewspaper reports
spellingShingle Olympia L. K. Campbell
Maheen Pracha
Ruth Mace
Skewed sex ratios and violence against women in Pakistan
Evolutionary Human Sciences
sex ratio
violence against women
suicide
Pakistan
newspaper reports
title Skewed sex ratios and violence against women in Pakistan
title_full Skewed sex ratios and violence against women in Pakistan
title_fullStr Skewed sex ratios and violence against women in Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed Skewed sex ratios and violence against women in Pakistan
title_short Skewed sex ratios and violence against women in Pakistan
title_sort skewed sex ratios and violence against women in pakistan
topic sex ratio
violence against women
suicide
Pakistan
newspaper reports
url https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2513843X25100030/type/journal_article
work_keys_str_mv AT olympialkcampbell skewedsexratiosandviolenceagainstwomeninpakistan
AT maheenpracha skewedsexratiosandviolenceagainstwomeninpakistan
AT ruthmace skewedsexratiosandviolenceagainstwomeninpakistan