Single-cell analysis reveals tumour size as a key driver of immune cell profile alterations in primary breast tumours and corresponding lymph nodes

Abstract Background At diagnosis, 30–40% of women with breast cancer have metastases in sentinel (SN) or axillary lymph nodes (ALN). Nodal status is a strong prognostic factor and guides treatment decisions. Immune checkpoint inhibition has shown some efficacy, which can increase in the neoadjuvant...

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Main Authors: Marit Otterlei Fjørtoft, Øystein Garred, Ole Christian Lingjærde, Karin Teien Lande, Lars Ottestad, Inger Riise Bergheim, OSBREAC, Jon Lømo, Colin LaMont, June Helen Myklebust, Hege Russnes, Kanutte Huse, Inga Hansine Rye
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:BJC Reports
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s44276-025-00152-3
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author Marit Otterlei Fjørtoft
Øystein Garred
Ole Christian Lingjærde
Karin Teien Lande
Lars Ottestad
Inger Riise Bergheim
OSBREAC
Jon Lømo
Colin LaMont
June Helen Myklebust
Hege Russnes
Kanutte Huse
Inga Hansine Rye
author_facet Marit Otterlei Fjørtoft
Øystein Garred
Ole Christian Lingjærde
Karin Teien Lande
Lars Ottestad
Inger Riise Bergheim
OSBREAC
Jon Lømo
Colin LaMont
June Helen Myklebust
Hege Russnes
Kanutte Huse
Inga Hansine Rye
author_sort Marit Otterlei Fjørtoft
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background At diagnosis, 30–40% of women with breast cancer have metastases in sentinel (SN) or axillary lymph nodes (ALN). Nodal status is a strong prognostic factor and guides treatment decisions. Immune checkpoint inhibition has shown some efficacy, which can increase in the neoadjuvant setting. A better understanding of how tumour cells in primary tumours and metastatic lymph nodes shape the local immune microenvironment may provide clues for more individualized therapeutic interventions. Methods We conducted deep immunophenotypic analysis of 29 primary breast tumours and 36 lymph nodes from 38 patients with primary operable breast cancer. Results The immune profile of the primary tumour was not predictive of the lymph node immune profile or metastatic status. Primary tumours showed prominent CD8 T cell exhaustion and activated regulatory T cells, and the frequencies of these subsets were associated with tumour size. The immune cell profile in lymph nodes were different from the profile in primary tumours, except for the ALN+ nodes, which displayed a T-cell profile more similar to primary tumours. The frequencies of the T cell subsets in lymph nodeswere associated with metastatic size. Tumour cells from smaller metastases exhibited a distinct phenotype compared to those from larger tumour deposits, and the size of the tumour cell deposit impacted the local immune cell composition. Conclusion The tumour size of primary tumours and metastatic size in lymph nodes are the main drivers of changes in immune cell composition.
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spelling doaj-art-421a394dd65745f691458a2f4f73351b2025-08-20T03:08:40ZengNature PortfolioBJC Reports2731-93772025-05-013111410.1038/s44276-025-00152-3Single-cell analysis reveals tumour size as a key driver of immune cell profile alterations in primary breast tumours and corresponding lymph nodesMarit Otterlei Fjørtoft0Øystein Garred1Ole Christian Lingjærde2Karin Teien Lande3Lars Ottestad4Inger Riise Bergheim5OSBREACJon Lømo6Colin LaMont7June Helen Myklebust8Hege Russnes9Kanutte Huse10Inga Hansine Rye11Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University HospitalDepartment of Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University HospitalDepartment of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University HospitalDepartment of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University HospitalDepartment of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University HospitalDepartment of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University HospitalDepartment of Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University HospitalDepartment of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University HospitalDepartment of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University HospitalDepartment of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University HospitalDepartment of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University HospitalDepartment of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University HospitalAbstract Background At diagnosis, 30–40% of women with breast cancer have metastases in sentinel (SN) or axillary lymph nodes (ALN). Nodal status is a strong prognostic factor and guides treatment decisions. Immune checkpoint inhibition has shown some efficacy, which can increase in the neoadjuvant setting. A better understanding of how tumour cells in primary tumours and metastatic lymph nodes shape the local immune microenvironment may provide clues for more individualized therapeutic interventions. Methods We conducted deep immunophenotypic analysis of 29 primary breast tumours and 36 lymph nodes from 38 patients with primary operable breast cancer. Results The immune profile of the primary tumour was not predictive of the lymph node immune profile or metastatic status. Primary tumours showed prominent CD8 T cell exhaustion and activated regulatory T cells, and the frequencies of these subsets were associated with tumour size. The immune cell profile in lymph nodes were different from the profile in primary tumours, except for the ALN+ nodes, which displayed a T-cell profile more similar to primary tumours. The frequencies of the T cell subsets in lymph nodeswere associated with metastatic size. Tumour cells from smaller metastases exhibited a distinct phenotype compared to those from larger tumour deposits, and the size of the tumour cell deposit impacted the local immune cell composition. Conclusion The tumour size of primary tumours and metastatic size in lymph nodes are the main drivers of changes in immune cell composition.https://doi.org/10.1038/s44276-025-00152-3
spellingShingle Marit Otterlei Fjørtoft
Øystein Garred
Ole Christian Lingjærde
Karin Teien Lande
Lars Ottestad
Inger Riise Bergheim
OSBREAC
Jon Lømo
Colin LaMont
June Helen Myklebust
Hege Russnes
Kanutte Huse
Inga Hansine Rye
Single-cell analysis reveals tumour size as a key driver of immune cell profile alterations in primary breast tumours and corresponding lymph nodes
BJC Reports
title Single-cell analysis reveals tumour size as a key driver of immune cell profile alterations in primary breast tumours and corresponding lymph nodes
title_full Single-cell analysis reveals tumour size as a key driver of immune cell profile alterations in primary breast tumours and corresponding lymph nodes
title_fullStr Single-cell analysis reveals tumour size as a key driver of immune cell profile alterations in primary breast tumours and corresponding lymph nodes
title_full_unstemmed Single-cell analysis reveals tumour size as a key driver of immune cell profile alterations in primary breast tumours and corresponding lymph nodes
title_short Single-cell analysis reveals tumour size as a key driver of immune cell profile alterations in primary breast tumours and corresponding lymph nodes
title_sort single cell analysis reveals tumour size as a key driver of immune cell profile alterations in primary breast tumours and corresponding lymph nodes
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s44276-025-00152-3
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