Role of immunostimulatory deoxycytidylate-phosphate-deoxyguanylate (CpG) motifs in oral bacteria associated with oral diseases

Background CpG oligodeoxynucleotide motifs in bacterial DNA with composition variations exhibit potent immunostimulation. The effect of different compositions in oral infections is unclear. This study aims to investigate CpG motifs in bacteria associated with endodontic diseases, periodontal disease...

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Main Authors: Pisit Charoenwongwatthana, Oslovenya S. Caroline, Halah Ahmed, Jamie Coulter, Chien-Yi Chang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:Journal of Oral Microbiology
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/20002297.2025.2486639
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author Pisit Charoenwongwatthana
Oslovenya S. Caroline
Halah Ahmed
Jamie Coulter
Chien-Yi Chang
author_facet Pisit Charoenwongwatthana
Oslovenya S. Caroline
Halah Ahmed
Jamie Coulter
Chien-Yi Chang
author_sort Pisit Charoenwongwatthana
collection DOAJ
description Background CpG oligodeoxynucleotide motifs in bacterial DNA with composition variations exhibit potent immunostimulation. The effect of different compositions in oral infections is unclear. This study aims to investigate CpG motifs in bacteria associated with endodontic diseases, periodontal diseases, and dental caries to elucidate their influence on host immune response.Methods Fifty oral bacterial genomes were selected for in silico analysis to determine GC% content and CpG motif frequency in each genome. The relationships between GC% content, CpG motif frequency, and genome size were assessed using correlation analysis. Normalisation of immunostimulatory sequences was implemented to enable unbiased comparison of frequency counts among bacteria.Results Sixty percent of bacteria exhibited medium GC% content (Mdn = 44), with no significant difference among bacteria associated with these diseases (p = 0.66). A positive correlation between GC% content and CpG motif frequency, as well as genome size and CpG motifs frequency was observed. A higher-than-mean of the human immunostimulatory motif (GTCGTT, 7/14) and the mice/rabbits immunostimulatory motif (GACGTT, 9/14) was observed in core endodontic microbiota.Conclusion CpG motifs in oral bacteria might drive disease progression through host immunomodulation. Variation in bacterial CpG motifs suggests targeting these motifs offers a promising therapeutic intervention.
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spelling doaj-art-41aa2f80b6dd47cf85a0b62a592186832025-08-20T03:17:43ZengTaylor & Francis GroupJournal of Oral Microbiology2000-22972025-12-0117110.1080/20002297.2025.2486639Role of immunostimulatory deoxycytidylate-phosphate-deoxyguanylate (CpG) motifs in oral bacteria associated with oral diseasesPisit Charoenwongwatthana0Oslovenya S. Caroline1Halah Ahmed2Jamie Coulter3Chien-Yi Chang4School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKSchool of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKSchool of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKSchool of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKSchool of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UKBackground CpG oligodeoxynucleotide motifs in bacterial DNA with composition variations exhibit potent immunostimulation. The effect of different compositions in oral infections is unclear. This study aims to investigate CpG motifs in bacteria associated with endodontic diseases, periodontal diseases, and dental caries to elucidate their influence on host immune response.Methods Fifty oral bacterial genomes were selected for in silico analysis to determine GC% content and CpG motif frequency in each genome. The relationships between GC% content, CpG motif frequency, and genome size were assessed using correlation analysis. Normalisation of immunostimulatory sequences was implemented to enable unbiased comparison of frequency counts among bacteria.Results Sixty percent of bacteria exhibited medium GC% content (Mdn = 44), with no significant difference among bacteria associated with these diseases (p = 0.66). A positive correlation between GC% content and CpG motif frequency, as well as genome size and CpG motifs frequency was observed. A higher-than-mean of the human immunostimulatory motif (GTCGTT, 7/14) and the mice/rabbits immunostimulatory motif (GACGTT, 9/14) was observed in core endodontic microbiota.Conclusion CpG motifs in oral bacteria might drive disease progression through host immunomodulation. Variation in bacterial CpG motifs suggests targeting these motifs offers a promising therapeutic intervention.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/20002297.2025.2486639CpGimmunostimulatoryoral bacteriagenomeendodontic diseasesperiodontal diseases
spellingShingle Pisit Charoenwongwatthana
Oslovenya S. Caroline
Halah Ahmed
Jamie Coulter
Chien-Yi Chang
Role of immunostimulatory deoxycytidylate-phosphate-deoxyguanylate (CpG) motifs in oral bacteria associated with oral diseases
Journal of Oral Microbiology
CpG
immunostimulatory
oral bacteria
genome
endodontic diseases
periodontal diseases
title Role of immunostimulatory deoxycytidylate-phosphate-deoxyguanylate (CpG) motifs in oral bacteria associated with oral diseases
title_full Role of immunostimulatory deoxycytidylate-phosphate-deoxyguanylate (CpG) motifs in oral bacteria associated with oral diseases
title_fullStr Role of immunostimulatory deoxycytidylate-phosphate-deoxyguanylate (CpG) motifs in oral bacteria associated with oral diseases
title_full_unstemmed Role of immunostimulatory deoxycytidylate-phosphate-deoxyguanylate (CpG) motifs in oral bacteria associated with oral diseases
title_short Role of immunostimulatory deoxycytidylate-phosphate-deoxyguanylate (CpG) motifs in oral bacteria associated with oral diseases
title_sort role of immunostimulatory deoxycytidylate phosphate deoxyguanylate cpg motifs in oral bacteria associated with oral diseases
topic CpG
immunostimulatory
oral bacteria
genome
endodontic diseases
periodontal diseases
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/20002297.2025.2486639
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