Nanoplastics Elicit Stage-Specific Physiological, Biochemical, and Gut Microbiome Responses in a Freshwater Mussel

Mussels are highly efficient filter feeders, playing a crucial role in managing eutrophication and assessing pollution. Although research on nanoplastic (NP) toxicity in marine organisms is expanding, studies on freshwater species remain limited despite freshwater ecosystems being disproportionately...

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Main Authors: Yangli Chi, Hui Zhang, Jian Gao, Liang Wan, Yiying Jiao, Heyun Wang, Mingjun Liao, Ross N. Cuthbert
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Toxics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/5/374
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author Yangli Chi
Hui Zhang
Jian Gao
Liang Wan
Yiying Jiao
Heyun Wang
Mingjun Liao
Ross N. Cuthbert
author_facet Yangli Chi
Hui Zhang
Jian Gao
Liang Wan
Yiying Jiao
Heyun Wang
Mingjun Liao
Ross N. Cuthbert
author_sort Yangli Chi
collection DOAJ
description Mussels are highly efficient filter feeders, playing a crucial role in managing eutrophication and assessing pollution. Although research on nanoplastic (NP) toxicity in marine organisms is expanding, studies on freshwater species remain limited despite freshwater ecosystems being disproportionately biodiverse and vulnerable to pollutants. Here, we quantified the effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs, 50 nm) at concentrations of 0, 2, 20, and 200 μg/L on different growth stages of the freshwater mussel <i>Cristaria plicata</i>. After a 45-day exposure, PS-NPs at concentrations ≥ 20 μg/L damaged intestinal epithelial cilia in both age groups. Exposure to 200 μg/L PS-NPs significantly increased malondialdehyde levels and decreased superoxide dismutase activity in both groups, with adults showing a significant rise in total protein content and juveniles exhibiting marked increases in respiratory and ammonia excretion rates. Additionally, PS-NP exposure significantly altered the relative abundance of gut microbial phyla, including Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobiota, and Bacteroidota, with Fusobacteriota also being affected in adults. Juveniles were more sensitive to physiological changes, whereas adults exhibited greater microbiota shifts in response to PS-NP exposure. Therefore, this study provides new insights into the stage-specific effects of PS-NPs on intestinal integrity and physiological and biochemical health in freshwater mussels, underscoring the need for targeted management strategies to protect freshwater ecosystems.
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spelling doaj-art-41808e3f9bdd4ff7922cb3b16d53cd7f2025-08-20T02:34:02ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042025-05-0113537410.3390/toxics13050374Nanoplastics Elicit Stage-Specific Physiological, Biochemical, and Gut Microbiome Responses in a Freshwater MusselYangli Chi0Hui Zhang1Jian Gao2Liang Wan3Yiying Jiao4Heyun Wang5Mingjun Liao6Ross N. Cuthbert7Key Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, ChinaKey Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, ChinaKey Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, ChinaKey Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, ChinaKey Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, ChinaKey Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, ChinaKey Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, ChinaInstitute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UKMussels are highly efficient filter feeders, playing a crucial role in managing eutrophication and assessing pollution. Although research on nanoplastic (NP) toxicity in marine organisms is expanding, studies on freshwater species remain limited despite freshwater ecosystems being disproportionately biodiverse and vulnerable to pollutants. Here, we quantified the effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs, 50 nm) at concentrations of 0, 2, 20, and 200 μg/L on different growth stages of the freshwater mussel <i>Cristaria plicata</i>. After a 45-day exposure, PS-NPs at concentrations ≥ 20 μg/L damaged intestinal epithelial cilia in both age groups. Exposure to 200 μg/L PS-NPs significantly increased malondialdehyde levels and decreased superoxide dismutase activity in both groups, with adults showing a significant rise in total protein content and juveniles exhibiting marked increases in respiratory and ammonia excretion rates. Additionally, PS-NP exposure significantly altered the relative abundance of gut microbial phyla, including Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobiota, and Bacteroidota, with Fusobacteriota also being affected in adults. Juveniles were more sensitive to physiological changes, whereas adults exhibited greater microbiota shifts in response to PS-NP exposure. Therefore, this study provides new insights into the stage-specific effects of PS-NPs on intestinal integrity and physiological and biochemical health in freshwater mussels, underscoring the need for targeted management strategies to protect freshwater ecosystems.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/5/374nanoplastics<i>Cristaria plicata</i>intestinal glandoxidative stressphysiological metabolismgut microbiota
spellingShingle Yangli Chi
Hui Zhang
Jian Gao
Liang Wan
Yiying Jiao
Heyun Wang
Mingjun Liao
Ross N. Cuthbert
Nanoplastics Elicit Stage-Specific Physiological, Biochemical, and Gut Microbiome Responses in a Freshwater Mussel
Toxics
nanoplastics
<i>Cristaria plicata</i>
intestinal gland
oxidative stress
physiological metabolism
gut microbiota
title Nanoplastics Elicit Stage-Specific Physiological, Biochemical, and Gut Microbiome Responses in a Freshwater Mussel
title_full Nanoplastics Elicit Stage-Specific Physiological, Biochemical, and Gut Microbiome Responses in a Freshwater Mussel
title_fullStr Nanoplastics Elicit Stage-Specific Physiological, Biochemical, and Gut Microbiome Responses in a Freshwater Mussel
title_full_unstemmed Nanoplastics Elicit Stage-Specific Physiological, Biochemical, and Gut Microbiome Responses in a Freshwater Mussel
title_short Nanoplastics Elicit Stage-Specific Physiological, Biochemical, and Gut Microbiome Responses in a Freshwater Mussel
title_sort nanoplastics elicit stage specific physiological biochemical and gut microbiome responses in a freshwater mussel
topic nanoplastics
<i>Cristaria plicata</i>
intestinal gland
oxidative stress
physiological metabolism
gut microbiota
url https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/5/374
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