Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Flavonoids and Anthraquinones from <i>Cassia alata</i> (Linnaeus) Roxburgh and Their Implications for Atopic Dermatitis Management
To study <i>Cassia alata</i> (CA) (Linnaeus) Roxburgh’s effectiveness towards atopic dermatitis (AD), CA leaf extracts were prepared using three methanol-based extraction solvent systems. Bioactive constituents were characterized and quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Sue-Kei Lee Jing-Wen Keng Jessica-Ai-Lyn Yon Chun-Wai Mai Heng-Chee Lim Sek-Chuen Chow Gabriel Akyirem Akowuah Kai Bin Liew Siew-Keah Lee Philip J. Marriott Yik-Ling Chew |
| author_facet | Sue-Kei Lee Jing-Wen Keng Jessica-Ai-Lyn Yon Chun-Wai Mai Heng-Chee Lim Sek-Chuen Chow Gabriel Akyirem Akowuah Kai Bin Liew Siew-Keah Lee Philip J. Marriott Yik-Ling Chew |
| author_sort | Sue-Kei Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To study <i>Cassia alata</i> (CA) (Linnaeus) Roxburgh’s effectiveness towards atopic dermatitis (AD), CA leaf extracts were prepared using three methanol-based extraction solvent systems. Bioactive constituents were characterized and quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, a major AD exacerbation factor, were assessed. Four polyphenols (two flavonoids, two anthraquinones) beneficial in AD control were detected (rhein > aloe-emodin > astragalin > kaempferol). The 75% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i> MeOH/water extract had the most polyphenols and the best antioxidant profile (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate radical scavenging activity, ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity), with excellent <i>S. aureus</i> inhibition (minimum inhibitory concentration = 0.625 mg/mL; minimum bactericidal concentration = 1.25 mg/mL). Hence, it was selected for the in vitro examination of cytotoxicity and wound healing activity towards human epidermal keratinocyte cells using a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2h-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and wound scratch assay. The extract showed no cytotoxicity (IC<sub>50</sub> > 100 µg/mL) without significant reduction in cell viability up to 200 µg/mL compared to the vehicle control. An amount of 50 μg/mL extract concentration showed the best wound-healing activity (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with a cell migration rate of 5.89 ± 0.80 µm/h over 96 h post-treatment. Such antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing activities suggest CA and its polyphenols to be promising natural, long-term AD remedies for skin health. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-412bbe32a15c4641a42e41e0d4556e4c |
| institution | OA Journals |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-412bbe32a15c4641a42e41e0d4556e4c2025-08-20T02:12:29ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-01-0114336210.3390/plants14030362Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Flavonoids and Anthraquinones from <i>Cassia alata</i> (Linnaeus) Roxburgh and Their Implications for Atopic Dermatitis ManagementSue-Kei Lee0Jing-Wen Keng1Jessica-Ai-Lyn Yon2Chun-Wai Mai3Heng-Chee Lim4Sek-Chuen Chow5Gabriel Akyirem Akowuah6Kai Bin Liew7Siew-Keah Lee8Philip J. Marriott9Yik-Ling Chew10Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaCentre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), IMU University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaSchool of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 46150, Selangor, MalaysiaSchool of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 46150, Selangor, MalaysiaFaculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, Cyber 11, Cyberjaya 63000, Selangor, MalaysiaM. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, MalaysiaAustralian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, AustraliaFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaTo study <i>Cassia alata</i> (CA) (Linnaeus) Roxburgh’s effectiveness towards atopic dermatitis (AD), CA leaf extracts were prepared using three methanol-based extraction solvent systems. Bioactive constituents were characterized and quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, a major AD exacerbation factor, were assessed. Four polyphenols (two flavonoids, two anthraquinones) beneficial in AD control were detected (rhein > aloe-emodin > astragalin > kaempferol). The 75% <i>v</i>/<i>v</i> MeOH/water extract had the most polyphenols and the best antioxidant profile (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate radical scavenging activity, ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity), with excellent <i>S. aureus</i> inhibition (minimum inhibitory concentration = 0.625 mg/mL; minimum bactericidal concentration = 1.25 mg/mL). Hence, it was selected for the in vitro examination of cytotoxicity and wound healing activity towards human epidermal keratinocyte cells using a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2h-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and wound scratch assay. The extract showed no cytotoxicity (IC<sub>50</sub> > 100 µg/mL) without significant reduction in cell viability up to 200 µg/mL compared to the vehicle control. An amount of 50 μg/mL extract concentration showed the best wound-healing activity (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with a cell migration rate of 5.89 ± 0.80 µm/h over 96 h post-treatment. Such antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing activities suggest CA and its polyphenols to be promising natural, long-term AD remedies for skin health.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/3/362<i>Cassia alata</i>polyphenolswound healingantioxidantantimicrobialatopic dermatitis |
| spellingShingle | Sue-Kei Lee Jing-Wen Keng Jessica-Ai-Lyn Yon Chun-Wai Mai Heng-Chee Lim Sek-Chuen Chow Gabriel Akyirem Akowuah Kai Bin Liew Siew-Keah Lee Philip J. Marriott Yik-Ling Chew Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Flavonoids and Anthraquinones from <i>Cassia alata</i> (Linnaeus) Roxburgh and Their Implications for Atopic Dermatitis Management Plants <i>Cassia alata</i> polyphenols wound healing antioxidant antimicrobial atopic dermatitis |
| title | Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Flavonoids and Anthraquinones from <i>Cassia alata</i> (Linnaeus) Roxburgh and Their Implications for Atopic Dermatitis Management |
| title_full | Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Flavonoids and Anthraquinones from <i>Cassia alata</i> (Linnaeus) Roxburgh and Their Implications for Atopic Dermatitis Management |
| title_fullStr | Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Flavonoids and Anthraquinones from <i>Cassia alata</i> (Linnaeus) Roxburgh and Their Implications for Atopic Dermatitis Management |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Flavonoids and Anthraquinones from <i>Cassia alata</i> (Linnaeus) Roxburgh and Their Implications for Atopic Dermatitis Management |
| title_short | Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Flavonoids and Anthraquinones from <i>Cassia alata</i> (Linnaeus) Roxburgh and Their Implications for Atopic Dermatitis Management |
| title_sort | phytochemical analysis and biological activities of flavonoids and anthraquinones from i cassia alata i linnaeus roxburgh and their implications for atopic dermatitis management |
| topic | <i>Cassia alata</i> polyphenols wound healing antioxidant antimicrobial atopic dermatitis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/3/362 |
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