Functional analysis within latent states: A novel framework for analysing functional time series data.

Functional data analysis (FDA) enables modelling and interpretation of data represented as functions over a continuum like time, space, or frequency. This paper introduces the flawless analysis framework (FunctionaL Analysis Within LatEnt StateS), a nested FDA framework for analysing functional time...

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Main Authors: Owen Forbes, Edgar Santos-Fernandez, Paul Pao-Yen Wu, Kerrie Mengersen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2025-01-01
Series:PLoS ONE
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326598
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author Owen Forbes
Edgar Santos-Fernandez
Paul Pao-Yen Wu
Kerrie Mengersen
author_facet Owen Forbes
Edgar Santos-Fernandez
Paul Pao-Yen Wu
Kerrie Mengersen
author_sort Owen Forbes
collection DOAJ
description Functional data analysis (FDA) enables modelling and interpretation of data represented as functions over a continuum like time, space, or frequency. This paper introduces the flawless analysis framework (FunctionaL Analysis Within LatEnt StateS), a nested FDA framework for analysing functional time series data. It provides comprehensive insights into the interplay between latent state characteristics, state occupancy dynamics, and functional attributes within states, while maintaining interpretability at each level. Applying flawless to functional time series of power spectral densities from electroencephalography (EEG) data from the Healthy Brain Network, we explore functional characteristics of resting state brain activity in n = 503 early adolescents aged 9 - 15 ([Formula: see text], SD = 1.7). We identify four functional latent states associated with variations in psychopathology and cognitive function. Bayesian regression models reveal important associations between the dynamics of latent state occupancy, functional traits within states, and relevant health measures. The integration of multiple FDA tools offers rich insights into functional and time-frequency characteristics of longitudinal data. For neuroscientific data this requires fewer assumptions about oscillatory peak frequencies, and captures more detailed frequency domain characteristics. flawless offers utility for novel and sophisticated insights into functional time series data across a range of areas for research and practice.
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spelling doaj-art-4104f1b78177479dacbaa532ce7866f62025-08-20T02:36:15ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032025-01-01206e032659810.1371/journal.pone.0326598Functional analysis within latent states: A novel framework for analysing functional time series data.Owen ForbesEdgar Santos-FernandezPaul Pao-Yen WuKerrie MengersenFunctional data analysis (FDA) enables modelling and interpretation of data represented as functions over a continuum like time, space, or frequency. This paper introduces the flawless analysis framework (FunctionaL Analysis Within LatEnt StateS), a nested FDA framework for analysing functional time series data. It provides comprehensive insights into the interplay between latent state characteristics, state occupancy dynamics, and functional attributes within states, while maintaining interpretability at each level. Applying flawless to functional time series of power spectral densities from electroencephalography (EEG) data from the Healthy Brain Network, we explore functional characteristics of resting state brain activity in n = 503 early adolescents aged 9 - 15 ([Formula: see text], SD = 1.7). We identify four functional latent states associated with variations in psychopathology and cognitive function. Bayesian regression models reveal important associations between the dynamics of latent state occupancy, functional traits within states, and relevant health measures. The integration of multiple FDA tools offers rich insights into functional and time-frequency characteristics of longitudinal data. For neuroscientific data this requires fewer assumptions about oscillatory peak frequencies, and captures more detailed frequency domain characteristics. flawless offers utility for novel and sophisticated insights into functional time series data across a range of areas for research and practice.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326598
spellingShingle Owen Forbes
Edgar Santos-Fernandez
Paul Pao-Yen Wu
Kerrie Mengersen
Functional analysis within latent states: A novel framework for analysing functional time series data.
PLoS ONE
title Functional analysis within latent states: A novel framework for analysing functional time series data.
title_full Functional analysis within latent states: A novel framework for analysing functional time series data.
title_fullStr Functional analysis within latent states: A novel framework for analysing functional time series data.
title_full_unstemmed Functional analysis within latent states: A novel framework for analysing functional time series data.
title_short Functional analysis within latent states: A novel framework for analysing functional time series data.
title_sort functional analysis within latent states a novel framework for analysing functional time series data
url https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326598
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