Joint Data Hiding and Partial Encryption of Compressive Sensed Streams

This paper proposes a method to secure Compressive Sensing (CS) streams. It involves protecting part of the measurements with a secret key and inserting code into the remaining measurements. The secret key is generated via a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) and XORed w...

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Main Authors: Cristina-Elena Popa, Constantin-Cristian Damian, Daniela Coltuc
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Information
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/7/513
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author Cristina-Elena Popa
Constantin-Cristian Damian
Daniela Coltuc
author_facet Cristina-Elena Popa
Constantin-Cristian Damian
Daniela Coltuc
author_sort Cristina-Elena Popa
collection DOAJ
description This paper proposes a method to secure Compressive Sensing (CS) streams. It involves protecting part of the measurements with a secret key and inserting code into the remaining measurements. The secret key is generated via a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) and XORed with the measurements to be inserted. For insertion, we use a reversible data hiding (RDH) scheme, which is a prediction error expansion algorithm modified to match the statistics of CS measurements. The reconstruction from the embedded stream results in a visibly distorted image. The image distortion is controlled by the number of embedded levels. In our tests, embedding on 10 levels results in ≈18 dB distortion for images of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>256</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>256</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> pixels reconstructed with the Fast Iterative Shrinkage-Thresholding Algorithm (FISTA). A particularity of the presented method is on-the-fly insertion, which makes it appropriate for the sequential acquisition of measurements with a single-pixel camera. On-the-fly insertion avoids the buffering of CS measurements for the subsequent standard encryption and generation of a thumbnail image.
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spelling doaj-art-40a69286c2cf4eb9b085802e991ec2642025-08-20T02:45:37ZengMDPI AGInformation2078-24892025-06-0116751310.3390/info16070513Joint Data Hiding and Partial Encryption of Compressive Sensed StreamsCristina-Elena Popa0Constantin-Cristian Damian1Daniela Coltuc2Research Center for Space Information CEOSpace Tech, National University for Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, RomaniaResearch Center for Space Information CEOSpace Tech, National University for Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, RomaniaResearch Center for Space Information CEOSpace Tech, National University for Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, RomaniaThis paper proposes a method to secure Compressive Sensing (CS) streams. It involves protecting part of the measurements with a secret key and inserting code into the remaining measurements. The secret key is generated via a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) and XORed with the measurements to be inserted. For insertion, we use a reversible data hiding (RDH) scheme, which is a prediction error expansion algorithm modified to match the statistics of CS measurements. The reconstruction from the embedded stream results in a visibly distorted image. The image distortion is controlled by the number of embedded levels. In our tests, embedding on 10 levels results in ≈18 dB distortion for images of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>256</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>256</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> pixels reconstructed with the Fast Iterative Shrinkage-Thresholding Algorithm (FISTA). A particularity of the presented method is on-the-fly insertion, which makes it appropriate for the sequential acquisition of measurements with a single-pixel camera. On-the-fly insertion avoids the buffering of CS measurements for the subsequent standard encryption and generation of a thumbnail image.https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/7/513reversible data hidingpartial encryptioncompressive sensingon-the-fly insertionrate–distortion curve
spellingShingle Cristina-Elena Popa
Constantin-Cristian Damian
Daniela Coltuc
Joint Data Hiding and Partial Encryption of Compressive Sensed Streams
Information
reversible data hiding
partial encryption
compressive sensing
on-the-fly insertion
rate–distortion curve
title Joint Data Hiding and Partial Encryption of Compressive Sensed Streams
title_full Joint Data Hiding and Partial Encryption of Compressive Sensed Streams
title_fullStr Joint Data Hiding and Partial Encryption of Compressive Sensed Streams
title_full_unstemmed Joint Data Hiding and Partial Encryption of Compressive Sensed Streams
title_short Joint Data Hiding and Partial Encryption of Compressive Sensed Streams
title_sort joint data hiding and partial encryption of compressive sensed streams
topic reversible data hiding
partial encryption
compressive sensing
on-the-fly insertion
rate–distortion curve
url https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/16/7/513
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AT constantincristiandamian jointdatahidingandpartialencryptionofcompressivesensedstreams
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