Response of Anatomical Structure and Active Component Accumulation in <i>Apocynum venetum</i> L. (Apocynaceae) Under Saline Stress and Alkali Stress
Soil salinization, affecting approximately 954 million hectares globally, severely impairs plant growth and agricultural productivity. <i>Apocynum venetum</i> L., a perennial herbaceous plant with ecological and economic value, demonstrates remarkable tolerance to saline and alkali soils...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Yanlei Zhang Shaowei Hu Xiaxia Wang Jie Yue Dongmei Chen Mingzhi Han Wanmin Qiao Yifan Wang Haixia Wang |
| author_facet | Yanlei Zhang Shaowei Hu Xiaxia Wang Jie Yue Dongmei Chen Mingzhi Han Wanmin Qiao Yifan Wang Haixia Wang |
| author_sort | Yanlei Zhang |
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| description | Soil salinization, affecting approximately 954 million hectares globally, severely impairs plant growth and agricultural productivity. <i>Apocynum venetum</i> L., a perennial herbaceous plant with ecological and economic value, demonstrates remarkable tolerance to saline and alkali soils. This study investigated the effects of saline (NaCl) and alkali (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) stress on the growth, anatomical adaptations, and metabolite accumulation of <i>A. venetum</i> (<i>Apocynum venetum</i> L.). Results showed that alkali stress (100 mM Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and 50 mM NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) inhibited growth more than saline stress (NaCl 240 mM), reducing plant height by 29.36%. Anatomical adaptations included a 40.32% increase in the root cortex-to-diameter ratio (100 mM Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and 50 mM NaHCO<sub>3</sub>), a 101.52% enlargement of xylem vessel diameter (NaCl 240 mM), and a 68.69% thickening of phloem fiber walls in the stem (NaCl 240 mM), enhancing water absorption, salt exclusion, and structural support. Additionally, leaf palisade tissue densification (44.68% increase at NaCl 160 mM), along with epidermal and wax layer adjustments, balanced photosynthesis and water efficiency. Metabolic responses varied with stress conditions. Root soluble sugar content increased 49.28% at NaCl 160 mM. Flavonoid accumulation in roots increased 53.58% at Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 100 mM and NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 50 mM, enhancing antioxidant defense. However, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency declined with increasing stress intensity. This study emphasizes the coordinated adaptations of <i>A. venetum</i>, providing valuable insights for the development of salt-tolerant crops. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-40897bee5df34e9aabe2d088b83ca3f82025-08-20T03:32:18ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-07-011414222310.3390/plants14142223Response of Anatomical Structure and Active Component Accumulation in <i>Apocynum venetum</i> L. (Apocynaceae) Under Saline Stress and Alkali StressYanlei Zhang0Shaowei Hu1Xiaxia Wang2Jie Yue3Dongmei Chen4Mingzhi Han5Wanmin Qiao6Yifan Wang7Haixia Wang8College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaCollege of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaCollege of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaCollege of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaAgriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Zhangqiu District, Jinan 250200, ChinaCollege of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaCollege of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaCollege of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaCollege of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaSoil salinization, affecting approximately 954 million hectares globally, severely impairs plant growth and agricultural productivity. <i>Apocynum venetum</i> L., a perennial herbaceous plant with ecological and economic value, demonstrates remarkable tolerance to saline and alkali soils. This study investigated the effects of saline (NaCl) and alkali (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) stress on the growth, anatomical adaptations, and metabolite accumulation of <i>A. venetum</i> (<i>Apocynum venetum</i> L.). Results showed that alkali stress (100 mM Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and 50 mM NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) inhibited growth more than saline stress (NaCl 240 mM), reducing plant height by 29.36%. Anatomical adaptations included a 40.32% increase in the root cortex-to-diameter ratio (100 mM Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and 50 mM NaHCO<sub>3</sub>), a 101.52% enlargement of xylem vessel diameter (NaCl 240 mM), and a 68.69% thickening of phloem fiber walls in the stem (NaCl 240 mM), enhancing water absorption, salt exclusion, and structural support. Additionally, leaf palisade tissue densification (44.68% increase at NaCl 160 mM), along with epidermal and wax layer adjustments, balanced photosynthesis and water efficiency. Metabolic responses varied with stress conditions. Root soluble sugar content increased 49.28% at NaCl 160 mM. Flavonoid accumulation in roots increased 53.58% at Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 100 mM and NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 50 mM, enhancing antioxidant defense. However, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency declined with increasing stress intensity. This study emphasizes the coordinated adaptations of <i>A. venetum</i>, providing valuable insights for the development of salt-tolerant crops.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/14/2223<i>Apocynum venetum</i> L.saline stress and alkali stressbiomassphenotype observationphysiological response |
| spellingShingle | Yanlei Zhang Shaowei Hu Xiaxia Wang Jie Yue Dongmei Chen Mingzhi Han Wanmin Qiao Yifan Wang Haixia Wang Response of Anatomical Structure and Active Component Accumulation in <i>Apocynum venetum</i> L. (Apocynaceae) Under Saline Stress and Alkali Stress Plants <i>Apocynum venetum</i> L. saline stress and alkali stress biomass phenotype observation physiological response |
| title | Response of Anatomical Structure and Active Component Accumulation in <i>Apocynum venetum</i> L. (Apocynaceae) Under Saline Stress and Alkali Stress |
| title_full | Response of Anatomical Structure and Active Component Accumulation in <i>Apocynum venetum</i> L. (Apocynaceae) Under Saline Stress and Alkali Stress |
| title_fullStr | Response of Anatomical Structure and Active Component Accumulation in <i>Apocynum venetum</i> L. (Apocynaceae) Under Saline Stress and Alkali Stress |
| title_full_unstemmed | Response of Anatomical Structure and Active Component Accumulation in <i>Apocynum venetum</i> L. (Apocynaceae) Under Saline Stress and Alkali Stress |
| title_short | Response of Anatomical Structure and Active Component Accumulation in <i>Apocynum venetum</i> L. (Apocynaceae) Under Saline Stress and Alkali Stress |
| title_sort | response of anatomical structure and active component accumulation in i apocynum venetum i l apocynaceae under saline stress and alkali stress |
| topic | <i>Apocynum venetum</i> L. saline stress and alkali stress biomass phenotype observation physiological response |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/14/2223 |
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