The Additional Pedestrian’s Behavior: Crossing the Road in Front of an Automated Vehicle in a Wizard of Oz Setting
With the increasing integration of automated vehicles into urban traffic, understanding pedestrians’ interactions with automated vehicles is essential to ensure both safety and efficiency. As complex scenarios involving more than one pedestrian in real-world contexts remain underexplored,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11058924/ |
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| author | Maximilian Hubner Simon Bauer Florian Bogner Johanna Dechent Christoph Hauenstein Klaus Bengler |
| author_facet | Maximilian Hubner Simon Bauer Florian Bogner Johanna Dechent Christoph Hauenstein Klaus Bengler |
| author_sort | Maximilian Hubner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With the increasing integration of automated vehicles into urban traffic, understanding pedestrians’ interactions with automated vehicles is essential to ensure both safety and efficiency. As complex scenarios involving more than one pedestrian in real-world contexts remain underexplored, more clarification is needed on the relationship between additional pedestrians and automated vehicles’ communication. To address this, the present study investigates pedestrians’ crossing behavior in response to automated vehicles in a real-world setting, focusing on the influence of an additional pedestrian and the effectiveness of an external communication concept. A Wizard of Oz experiment was conducted in which a manually driven vehicle equipped with an external human-machine interface (eHMI) communicated its intent to pedestrians. Thirty-five participants took part in six scenarios that varied the automated vehicle’s communication mode (granting or claiming right of way) and the presence and behavior of an additional pedestrian (absent, compliant, or non-compliant with the automated vehicle’s intent). Results show that the presence and behavior of an additional pedestrian significantly influence crossing initiation time and decision-making, demonstrating the decisive role of social cues in automated vehicles-pedestrian interactions. Furthermore, participants interpreted the automated vehicle’s explicit communication reliably, supporting the effectiveness of the eHMI concept. The findings emphasize the necessity of robust automated vehicle communication strategies to facilitate safe pedestrian interactions in increasingly automated traffic environments. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4073969f9a9d4516bf5679daa8223fd2 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-4073969f9a9d4516bf5679daa8223fd22025-08-20T02:36:12ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-011311392411394010.1109/ACCESS.2025.358422611058924The Additional Pedestrian’s Behavior: Crossing the Road in Front of an Automated Vehicle in a Wizard of Oz SettingMaximilian Hubner0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3478-8815Simon Bauer1https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9335-5131Florian Bogner2Johanna Dechent3https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4847-342XChristoph Hauenstein4Klaus Bengler5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3906-6093Chair of Ergonomics, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, GermanyChair of Ergonomics, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, GermanyChair of Ergonomics, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, GermanyChair of Ergonomics, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, GermanyChair of Ergonomics, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, GermanyChair of Ergonomics, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, GermanyWith the increasing integration of automated vehicles into urban traffic, understanding pedestrians’ interactions with automated vehicles is essential to ensure both safety and efficiency. As complex scenarios involving more than one pedestrian in real-world contexts remain underexplored, more clarification is needed on the relationship between additional pedestrians and automated vehicles’ communication. To address this, the present study investigates pedestrians’ crossing behavior in response to automated vehicles in a real-world setting, focusing on the influence of an additional pedestrian and the effectiveness of an external communication concept. A Wizard of Oz experiment was conducted in which a manually driven vehicle equipped with an external human-machine interface (eHMI) communicated its intent to pedestrians. Thirty-five participants took part in six scenarios that varied the automated vehicle’s communication mode (granting or claiming right of way) and the presence and behavior of an additional pedestrian (absent, compliant, or non-compliant with the automated vehicle’s intent). Results show that the presence and behavior of an additional pedestrian significantly influence crossing initiation time and decision-making, demonstrating the decisive role of social cues in automated vehicles-pedestrian interactions. Furthermore, participants interpreted the automated vehicle’s explicit communication reliably, supporting the effectiveness of the eHMI concept. The findings emphasize the necessity of robust automated vehicle communication strategies to facilitate safe pedestrian interactions in increasingly automated traffic environments.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11058924/Automated vehiclesexternal human-machine interfacepedestrian behaviorsocial influenceWizard of Oz |
| spellingShingle | Maximilian Hubner Simon Bauer Florian Bogner Johanna Dechent Christoph Hauenstein Klaus Bengler The Additional Pedestrian’s Behavior: Crossing the Road in Front of an Automated Vehicle in a Wizard of Oz Setting IEEE Access Automated vehicles external human-machine interface pedestrian behavior social influence Wizard of Oz |
| title | The Additional Pedestrian’s Behavior: Crossing the Road in Front of an Automated Vehicle in a Wizard of Oz Setting |
| title_full | The Additional Pedestrian’s Behavior: Crossing the Road in Front of an Automated Vehicle in a Wizard of Oz Setting |
| title_fullStr | The Additional Pedestrian’s Behavior: Crossing the Road in Front of an Automated Vehicle in a Wizard of Oz Setting |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Additional Pedestrian’s Behavior: Crossing the Road in Front of an Automated Vehicle in a Wizard of Oz Setting |
| title_short | The Additional Pedestrian’s Behavior: Crossing the Road in Front of an Automated Vehicle in a Wizard of Oz Setting |
| title_sort | additional pedestrian x2019 s behavior crossing the road in front of an automated vehicle in a wizard of oz setting |
| topic | Automated vehicles external human-machine interface pedestrian behavior social influence Wizard of Oz |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11058924/ |
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