Batch and Continuous Lipase-Catalyzed Production of Dietetic Structured Lipids from Milk Thistle, Grapeseed, and Apricot Kernel Oils
The sustainable production of healthy structured lipids (SLs) using oils extracted from agro-industry by-products or non-conventional lipid sources is of utmost importance in the framework of a circular bioeconomy, toward a zero-waste goal. In this study, low-calorie triacylglycerols (TAGs) containi...
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2025-04-01
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| author | Şuheda Akbaş Natália M. Osório Suzana Ferreira-Dias |
| author_facet | Şuheda Akbaş Natália M. Osório Suzana Ferreira-Dias |
| author_sort | Şuheda Akbaş |
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| description | The sustainable production of healthy structured lipids (SLs) using oils extracted from agro-industry by-products or non-conventional lipid sources is of utmost importance in the framework of a circular bioeconomy, toward a zero-waste goal. In this study, low-calorie triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing a long-chain (L) fatty acid (FA) at position <i>sn</i>-2 and medium-chain (M) FAs at positions <i>sn</i>-1,3 (MLM type SL) were obtained from virgin cold-pressed milk thistle (51.55% linoleic acid; C18:2), grapeseed (66.62% C18:2), and apricot kernel (68.61% oleic acid; C18:1) oils. Lipase-catalyzed acidolysis with capric acid (C10:0) or interesterification with ethyl caprate (C10 Ethyl) in solvent-free media were performed. In batch reactions, immobilized <i>Rhizomucor miehei</i> lipase (Lipozyme RM) was used as a biocatalyst. For all tested oils, new TAG (SL) yields, varying from 61 to 63%, were obtained after 6 h of interesterification. Maximum new TAG yields were reached after 6, 24, and 30 h of acidolysis with grapeseed (64.7%), milk thistle (56.1%), or apricot kernel (69.7%) oils, respectively. Continuous acidolysis and interesterification of grapeseed oil were implemented in a packed-bed bioreactor, catalyzed by immobilized <i>Thermomyces lanuginosus</i> lipase (Lipozyme TL IM). Throughout 150 h of continuous operation, no lipase deactivation was observed, with average SL yields of 79.2% ± 4.1 by interesterification and 61.5% ± 5.91 by acidolysis. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-3fcfb7175884483784def61262e5a87e2025-08-20T03:52:56ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-04-01309194310.3390/molecules30091943Batch and Continuous Lipase-Catalyzed Production of Dietetic Structured Lipids from Milk Thistle, Grapeseed, and Apricot Kernel OilsŞuheda Akbaş0Natália M. Osório1Suzana Ferreira-Dias2Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Talas Campus, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, TürkiyeMARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Escola Superior de Tecnologia do Barreiro, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2839-001 Lavradio, PortugalLEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, PortugalThe sustainable production of healthy structured lipids (SLs) using oils extracted from agro-industry by-products or non-conventional lipid sources is of utmost importance in the framework of a circular bioeconomy, toward a zero-waste goal. In this study, low-calorie triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing a long-chain (L) fatty acid (FA) at position <i>sn</i>-2 and medium-chain (M) FAs at positions <i>sn</i>-1,3 (MLM type SL) were obtained from virgin cold-pressed milk thistle (51.55% linoleic acid; C18:2), grapeseed (66.62% C18:2), and apricot kernel (68.61% oleic acid; C18:1) oils. Lipase-catalyzed acidolysis with capric acid (C10:0) or interesterification with ethyl caprate (C10 Ethyl) in solvent-free media were performed. In batch reactions, immobilized <i>Rhizomucor miehei</i> lipase (Lipozyme RM) was used as a biocatalyst. For all tested oils, new TAG (SL) yields, varying from 61 to 63%, were obtained after 6 h of interesterification. Maximum new TAG yields were reached after 6, 24, and 30 h of acidolysis with grapeseed (64.7%), milk thistle (56.1%), or apricot kernel (69.7%) oils, respectively. Continuous acidolysis and interesterification of grapeseed oil were implemented in a packed-bed bioreactor, catalyzed by immobilized <i>Thermomyces lanuginosus</i> lipase (Lipozyme TL IM). Throughout 150 h of continuous operation, no lipase deactivation was observed, with average SL yields of 79.2% ± 4.1 by interesterification and 61.5% ± 5.91 by acidolysis.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/9/1943acidolysisapricot kernel oilbatch bioreactorcontinuous bioreactorgrapeseed oilinteresterification |
| spellingShingle | Şuheda Akbaş Natália M. Osório Suzana Ferreira-Dias Batch and Continuous Lipase-Catalyzed Production of Dietetic Structured Lipids from Milk Thistle, Grapeseed, and Apricot Kernel Oils Molecules acidolysis apricot kernel oil batch bioreactor continuous bioreactor grapeseed oil interesterification |
| title | Batch and Continuous Lipase-Catalyzed Production of Dietetic Structured Lipids from Milk Thistle, Grapeseed, and Apricot Kernel Oils |
| title_full | Batch and Continuous Lipase-Catalyzed Production of Dietetic Structured Lipids from Milk Thistle, Grapeseed, and Apricot Kernel Oils |
| title_fullStr | Batch and Continuous Lipase-Catalyzed Production of Dietetic Structured Lipids from Milk Thistle, Grapeseed, and Apricot Kernel Oils |
| title_full_unstemmed | Batch and Continuous Lipase-Catalyzed Production of Dietetic Structured Lipids from Milk Thistle, Grapeseed, and Apricot Kernel Oils |
| title_short | Batch and Continuous Lipase-Catalyzed Production of Dietetic Structured Lipids from Milk Thistle, Grapeseed, and Apricot Kernel Oils |
| title_sort | batch and continuous lipase catalyzed production of dietetic structured lipids from milk thistle grapeseed and apricot kernel oils |
| topic | acidolysis apricot kernel oil batch bioreactor continuous bioreactor grapeseed oil interesterification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/9/1943 |
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