Therapeutic potential of naturally derived carbon dots in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury

Abstract Background Sepsis is a life-threatening infectious disease characterized by an uncontrolled inflammatory response and consequent multi-organ dysfunction. The kidneys, as primary excretory organs with high blood flow, are particularly susceptible to damage during sepsis. Nonetheless, the exi...

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Main Authors: Lei Wang, Zhong-Yao Li, Chong-Lei Zhong, Zi-Yang Teng, Bin Wang, Asma Rehman, Li-Wen Han, Ke-Wu Zeng, Ji-Guo Zhang, Zhi-Yuan Lu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-04-01
Series:Chinese Medicine
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-025-01103-3
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author Lei Wang
Zhong-Yao Li
Chong-Lei Zhong
Zi-Yang Teng
Bin Wang
Asma Rehman
Li-Wen Han
Ke-Wu Zeng
Ji-Guo Zhang
Zhi-Yuan Lu
author_facet Lei Wang
Zhong-Yao Li
Chong-Lei Zhong
Zi-Yang Teng
Bin Wang
Asma Rehman
Li-Wen Han
Ke-Wu Zeng
Ji-Guo Zhang
Zhi-Yuan Lu
author_sort Lei Wang
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Sepsis is a life-threatening infectious disease characterized by an uncontrolled inflammatory response and consequent multi-organ dysfunction. The kidneys, as primary excretory organs with high blood flow, are particularly susceptible to damage during sepsis. Nonetheless, the existing treatment options for sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) are still restricted. Nanomedicine, especially carbon dots (CDs), has attracted considerable interest lately for outstanding biomedical characteristics. Methods To avoid the generation of toxic effects, the natural CDs derived from Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (Z-CDs) were synthesized employing a hydrothermal method. The free radical scavenging capabilities of Z-CDs were evaluated by utilizing ABTS assay, NBT method, and Fenton reaction. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell model was used to explore the therapeutic potential of Z-CDs on cellular oxidative stress and inflammation. The CuSO4-induced zebrafish inflammation model and LPS-exposed SA-AKI mouse model were employed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of Z-CDs in vivo. Results The synthesized Z-CDs exhibited distinctive unsaturated surface functional groups, which confer exceptional biocompatibility and the ability to scavenge free radicals. Moreover, Z-CDs were particularly effective in eliminating excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, thus protecting mitochondrial function from oxidative damage. Notably, Z-CDs have demonstrated significant therapeutic benefits in protecting kidney tissue in SA-AKI mouse model with minimizing side effects. In mechanism, Z-CDs effectively reduced ROS production, thereby alleviating inflammatory responses in macrophages through the suppression of the NF-κB pathway. Conclusions This study developed a multifunctional nanomedicine derived from traditional medicinal herb, providing a promising pathway for the advancement of innovative drug therapies to treat SA-AKI.
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spelling doaj-art-3fcc7d189f1b49f6b9da232df207d8c72025-08-20T02:17:10ZengBMCChinese Medicine1749-85462025-04-0120111510.1186/s13020-025-01103-3Therapeutic potential of naturally derived carbon dots in sepsis-associated acute kidney injuryLei Wang0Zhong-Yao Li1Chong-Lei Zhong2Zi-Yang Teng3Bin Wang4Asma Rehman5Li-Wen Han6Ke-Wu Zeng7Ji-Guo Zhang8Zhi-Yuan Lu9School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesDepartment of Andrology, Guang’Anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesNational Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering College Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS)School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesState Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking UniversitySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesAbstract Background Sepsis is a life-threatening infectious disease characterized by an uncontrolled inflammatory response and consequent multi-organ dysfunction. The kidneys, as primary excretory organs with high blood flow, are particularly susceptible to damage during sepsis. Nonetheless, the existing treatment options for sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) are still restricted. Nanomedicine, especially carbon dots (CDs), has attracted considerable interest lately for outstanding biomedical characteristics. Methods To avoid the generation of toxic effects, the natural CDs derived from Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (Z-CDs) were synthesized employing a hydrothermal method. The free radical scavenging capabilities of Z-CDs were evaluated by utilizing ABTS assay, NBT method, and Fenton reaction. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell model was used to explore the therapeutic potential of Z-CDs on cellular oxidative stress and inflammation. The CuSO4-induced zebrafish inflammation model and LPS-exposed SA-AKI mouse model were employed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of Z-CDs in vivo. Results The synthesized Z-CDs exhibited distinctive unsaturated surface functional groups, which confer exceptional biocompatibility and the ability to scavenge free radicals. Moreover, Z-CDs were particularly effective in eliminating excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, thus protecting mitochondrial function from oxidative damage. Notably, Z-CDs have demonstrated significant therapeutic benefits in protecting kidney tissue in SA-AKI mouse model with minimizing side effects. In mechanism, Z-CDs effectively reduced ROS production, thereby alleviating inflammatory responses in macrophages through the suppression of the NF-κB pathway. Conclusions This study developed a multifunctional nanomedicine derived from traditional medicinal herb, providing a promising pathway for the advancement of innovative drug therapies to treat SA-AKI.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-025-01103-3SepsisAcute kidney injuryCarbon dotsPhytochemicalsAntioxidantNF-κB pathway
spellingShingle Lei Wang
Zhong-Yao Li
Chong-Lei Zhong
Zi-Yang Teng
Bin Wang
Asma Rehman
Li-Wen Han
Ke-Wu Zeng
Ji-Guo Zhang
Zhi-Yuan Lu
Therapeutic potential of naturally derived carbon dots in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
Chinese Medicine
Sepsis
Acute kidney injury
Carbon dots
Phytochemicals
Antioxidant
NF-κB pathway
title Therapeutic potential of naturally derived carbon dots in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
title_full Therapeutic potential of naturally derived carbon dots in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
title_fullStr Therapeutic potential of naturally derived carbon dots in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
title_full_unstemmed Therapeutic potential of naturally derived carbon dots in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
title_short Therapeutic potential of naturally derived carbon dots in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
title_sort therapeutic potential of naturally derived carbon dots in sepsis associated acute kidney injury
topic Sepsis
Acute kidney injury
Carbon dots
Phytochemicals
Antioxidant
NF-κB pathway
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-025-01103-3
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