Supplementary motor area enhanced hemodynamic responses to loading after inhibitory cTBS
Abstract Large-extent movements (LEMs) are vital for daily activities, and their recovery remains a challenge in neurorehabilitation due to inevitable loading on muscles. Since inhibitory cTBS may facilitate recovery but also disrupt task control, we ask whether a previously identified linear relati...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-08-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14103-y |
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| author | Yongjun Qiao Dan Zhao Jin Yan Zhi Chen Xiaohui Song Ya Zong Chaozhe Zhu Qing Xie Chuanxin M. Niu |
| author_facet | Yongjun Qiao Dan Zhao Jin Yan Zhi Chen Xiaohui Song Ya Zong Chaozhe Zhu Qing Xie Chuanxin M. Niu |
| author_sort | Yongjun Qiao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Large-extent movements (LEMs) are vital for daily activities, and their recovery remains a challenge in neurorehabilitation due to inevitable loading on muscles. Since inhibitory cTBS may facilitate recovery but also disrupt task control, we ask whether a previously identified linear relationship between load and cortical activation would retain, after cTBS over the contralateral supplementary motor area (SMA). It will set a benchmark for choosing resistance during brain stimulation. Hemodynamic activities of SMA and M1 during LEMs were monitored by functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) in this study. Twelve healthy participants received 40s of cTBS over SMA, before and after which the participants were instructed to complete LEMs with varying loads (0, 3, and 15 pounds) repetitively. When lifting 0-pound and 3-pound weights, the β of the left SMA and M1 increased significantly after cTBS (p < 0.05). Also, the random intercepts of individual subjects increased significantly in the left SMA, left M1, and right SMA, but the slopes were not significantly affected by cTBS. Data also showed a significant positive correlation between the intercept of left M1, right SMA&M1 areas and age (all p < 0.05). Despite cTBS-induced inhibition, the supplementary motor area (SMA) exhibited enhanced fNIRS responses to increased loads, and the positive correlation between load inertia and motor-cortical activation remained unaltered. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| spelling | doaj-art-3fb5476226ff4a0eac7842892ef6e05f2025-08-20T03:45:48ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115111610.1038/s41598-025-14103-ySupplementary motor area enhanced hemodynamic responses to loading after inhibitory cTBSYongjun Qiao0Dan Zhao1Jin Yan2Zhi Chen3Xiaohui Song4Ya Zong5Chaozhe Zhu6Qing Xie7Chuanxin M. Niu8Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineSchool of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversitySchool of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineAbstract Large-extent movements (LEMs) are vital for daily activities, and their recovery remains a challenge in neurorehabilitation due to inevitable loading on muscles. Since inhibitory cTBS may facilitate recovery but also disrupt task control, we ask whether a previously identified linear relationship between load and cortical activation would retain, after cTBS over the contralateral supplementary motor area (SMA). It will set a benchmark for choosing resistance during brain stimulation. Hemodynamic activities of SMA and M1 during LEMs were monitored by functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) in this study. Twelve healthy participants received 40s of cTBS over SMA, before and after which the participants were instructed to complete LEMs with varying loads (0, 3, and 15 pounds) repetitively. When lifting 0-pound and 3-pound weights, the β of the left SMA and M1 increased significantly after cTBS (p < 0.05). Also, the random intercepts of individual subjects increased significantly in the left SMA, left M1, and right SMA, but the slopes were not significantly affected by cTBS. Data also showed a significant positive correlation between the intercept of left M1, right SMA&M1 areas and age (all p < 0.05). Despite cTBS-induced inhibition, the supplementary motor area (SMA) exhibited enhanced fNIRS responses to increased loads, and the positive correlation between load inertia and motor-cortical activation remained unaltered.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14103-yFunctional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS)Cortical activationLarge-Extent movements (LEMs) |
| spellingShingle | Yongjun Qiao Dan Zhao Jin Yan Zhi Chen Xiaohui Song Ya Zong Chaozhe Zhu Qing Xie Chuanxin M. Niu Supplementary motor area enhanced hemodynamic responses to loading after inhibitory cTBS Scientific Reports Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) Cortical activation Large-Extent movements (LEMs) |
| title | Supplementary motor area enhanced hemodynamic responses to loading after inhibitory cTBS |
| title_full | Supplementary motor area enhanced hemodynamic responses to loading after inhibitory cTBS |
| title_fullStr | Supplementary motor area enhanced hemodynamic responses to loading after inhibitory cTBS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Supplementary motor area enhanced hemodynamic responses to loading after inhibitory cTBS |
| title_short | Supplementary motor area enhanced hemodynamic responses to loading after inhibitory cTBS |
| title_sort | supplementary motor area enhanced hemodynamic responses to loading after inhibitory ctbs |
| topic | Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) Cortical activation Large-Extent movements (LEMs) |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14103-y |
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