GNSS–VTEC prediction based on CNN–GRU neural network model during high solar activities

GNSS–VTEC prediction based on CNN–GRU neural network model during high solar activities

Abstract Total electron content (TEC), as a crucial ionospheric parameter, has impacts on electromagnetic wave propagation as well as satellite navigation and positioning, and is of great significance in space weather forecasting. Previous prediction efforts using neural network techniques have basi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: T. Y. Yang, J. Y. Lu, Y. Y. Yang, Y. H. Hao, M. Wang, J. Y. Li, G. C. Wei
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-03-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Subjects:
GNSS–VTEC
Ionosphere
GRU
CNN
Hybrid model
IRI-2020
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-93628-8
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